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# Gin Web Framework
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Gin is a web framework written in Go (Golang). It features a martini-like API with performance that is up to 40 times faster thanks to [httprouter](https://github.com/julienschmidt/httprouter). If you need performance and good productivity, you will love Gin.
## Contents
- [Gin Web Framework](#gin-web-framework)
- [Contents](#contents)
- [Installation](#installation)
- [Quick start](#quick-start)
- [Benchmarks](#benchmarks)
- [Gin v1. stable](#gin-v1-stable)
- [Build with json replacement](#build-with-json-replacement)
- [Build without `MsgPack` rendering feature](#build-without-msgpack-rendering-feature)
- [API Examples](#api-examples)
- [Using GET, POST, PUT, PATCH, DELETE and OPTIONS](#using-get-post-put-patch-delete-and-options)
- [Parameters in path](#parameters-in-path)
- [Querystring parameters](#querystring-parameters)
- [Multipart/Urlencoded Form](#multiparturlencoded-form)
- [Another example: query + post form](#another-example-query--post-form)
- [Map as querystring or postform parameters](#map-as-querystring-or-postform-parameters)
- [Upload files](#upload-files)
- [Single file](#single-file)
- [Multiple files](#multiple-files)
- [Grouping routes](#grouping-routes)
- [Blank Gin without middleware by default](#blank-gin-without-middleware-by-default)
- [Using middleware](#using-middleware)
- [Custom Recovery behavior](#custom-recovery-behavior)
- [How to write log file](#how-to-write-log-file)
- [Custom Log Format](#custom-log-format)
- [Controlling Log output coloring](#controlling-log-output-coloring)
- [Model binding and validation](#model-binding-and-validation)
- [Custom Validators](#custom-validators)
- [Only Bind Query String](#only-bind-query-string)
- [Bind Query String or Post Data](#bind-query-string-or-post-data)
- [Bind Uri](#bind-uri)
- [Bind Header](#bind-header)
- [Bind HTML checkboxes](#bind-html-checkboxes)
- [Multipart/Urlencoded binding](#multiparturlencoded-binding)
- [XML, JSON, YAML and ProtoBuf rendering](#xml-json-yaml-and-protobuf-rendering)
- [SecureJSON](#securejson)
- [JSONP](#jsonp)
- [AsciiJSON](#asciijson)
- [PureJSON](#purejson)
- [Serving static files](#serving-static-files)
- [Serving data from file](#serving-data-from-file)
- [Serving data from reader](#serving-data-from-reader)
- [HTML rendering](#html-rendering)
- [Custom Template renderer](#custom-template-renderer)
- [Custom Delimiters](#custom-delimiters)
- [Custom Template Funcs](#custom-template-funcs)
- [Multitemplate](#multitemplate)
- [Redirects](#redirects)
- [Custom Middleware](#custom-middleware)
- [Using BasicAuth() middleware](#using-basicauth-middleware)
- [Goroutines inside a middleware](#goroutines-inside-a-middleware)
- [Custom HTTP configuration](#custom-http-configuration)
- [Support Let's Encrypt](#support-lets-encrypt)
- [Run multiple service using Gin](#run-multiple-service-using-gin)
- [Graceful shutdown or restart](#graceful-shutdown-or-restart)
- [Third-party packages](#third-party-packages)
- [Manually](#manually)
- [Build a single binary with templates](#build-a-single-binary-with-templates)
- [Bind form-data request with custom struct](#bind-form-data-request-with-custom-struct)
- [Try to bind body into different structs](#try-to-bind-body-into-different-structs)
- [Bind form-data request with custom struct and custom tag](#bind-form-data-request-with-custom-struct-and-custom-tag)
- [http2 server push](#http2-server-push)
- [Define format for the log of routes](#define-format-for-the-log-of-routes)
- [Set and get a cookie](#set-and-get-a-cookie)
- [Don't trust all proxies](#dont-trust-all-proxies)
- [Testing](#testing)
- [Users](#users)
## Installation
To install Gin package, you need to install Go and set your Go workspace first.
1. You first need [Go](https://go.dev/) installed (**version 1.16+ is required**), then you can use the below Go command to install Gin.
```sh
go get -u github.com/gin-gonic/gin
```
2. Import it in your code:
```go
import "github.com/gin-gonic/gin"
```
3. (Optional) Import `net/http`. This is required for example if using constants such as `http.StatusOK`.
```go
import "net/http"
```
## Quick start
```sh
# assume the following codes in example.go file
$ cat example.go
```
```go
package main
import (
"net/http"
"github.com/gin-gonic/gin"
)
func main() {
r := gin.Default()
r.GET("/ping", func(c *gin.Context) {
c.JSON(http.StatusOK, gin.H{
"message": "pong",
})
})
r.Run() // listen and serve on 0.0.0.0:8080 (for windows "localhost:8080")
}
```
```
# run example.go and visit 0.0.0.0:8080/ping (for windows "localhost:8080/ping") on browser
$ go run example.go
```
## Benchmarks
Gin uses a custom version of [HttpRouter](https://github.com/julienschmidt/httprouter)
[See all benchmarks](/BENCHMARKS.md)
| Benchmark name | (1) | (2) | (3) | (4) |
| ------------------------------ | ---------:| ---------------:| ------------:| ---------------:|
| BenchmarkGin_GithubAll | **43550** | **27364 ns/op** | **0 B/op** | **0 allocs/op** |
| BenchmarkAce_GithubAll | 40543 | 29670 ns/op | 0 B/op | 0 allocs/op |
| BenchmarkAero_GithubAll | 57632 | 20648 ns/op | 0 B/op | 0 allocs/op |
| BenchmarkBear_GithubAll | 9234 | 216179 ns/op | 86448 B/op | 943 allocs/op |
| BenchmarkBeego_GithubAll | 7407 | 243496 ns/op | 71456 B/op | 609 allocs/op |
| BenchmarkBone_GithubAll | 420 | 2922835 ns/op | 720160 B/op | 8620 allocs/op |
| BenchmarkChi_GithubAll | 7620 | 238331 ns/op | 87696 B/op | 609 allocs/op |
| BenchmarkDenco_GithubAll | 18355 | 64494 ns/op | 20224 B/op | 167 allocs/op |
| BenchmarkEcho_GithubAll | 31251 | 38479 ns/op | 0 B/op | 0 allocs/op |
| BenchmarkGocraftWeb_GithubAll | 4117 | 300062 ns/op | 131656 B/op | 1686 allocs/op |
| BenchmarkGoji_GithubAll | 3274 | 416158 ns/op | 56112 B/op | 334 allocs/op |
| BenchmarkGojiv2_GithubAll | 1402 | 870518 ns/op | 352720 B/op | 4321 allocs/op |
| BenchmarkGoJsonRest_GithubAll | 2976 | 401507 ns/op | 134371 B/op | 2737 allocs/op |
| BenchmarkGoRestful_GithubAll | 410 | 2913158 ns/op | 910144 B/op | 2938 allocs/op |
| BenchmarkGorillaMux_GithubAll | 346 | 3384987 ns/op | 251650 B/op | 1994 allocs/op |
| BenchmarkGowwwRouter_GithubAll | 10000 | 143025 ns/op | 72144 B/op | 501 allocs/op |
| BenchmarkHttpRouter_GithubAll | 55938 | 21360 ns/op | 0 B/op | 0 allocs/op |
| BenchmarkHttpTreeMux_GithubAll | 10000 | 153944 ns/op | 65856 B/op | 671 allocs/op |
| BenchmarkKocha_GithubAll | 10000 | 106315 ns/op | 23304 B/op | 843 allocs/op |
| BenchmarkLARS_GithubAll | 47779 | 25084 ns/op | 0 B/op | 0 allocs/op |
| BenchmarkMacaron_GithubAll | 3266 | 371907 ns/op | 149409 B/op | 1624 allocs/op |
| BenchmarkMartini_GithubAll | 331 | 3444706 ns/op | 226551 B/op | 2325 allocs/op |
| BenchmarkPat_GithubAll | 273 | 4381818 ns/op | 1483152 B/op | 26963 allocs/op |
| BenchmarkPossum_GithubAll | 10000 | 164367 ns/op | 84448 B/op | 609 allocs/op |
| BenchmarkR2router_GithubAll | 10000 | 160220 ns/op | 77328 B/op | 979 allocs/op |
| BenchmarkRivet_GithubAll | 14625 | 82453 ns/op | 16272 B/op | 167 allocs/op |
| BenchmarkTango_GithubAll | 6255 | 279611 ns/op | 63826 B/op | 1618 allocs/op |
| BenchmarkTigerTonic_GithubAll | 2008 | 687874 ns/op | 193856 B/op | 4474 allocs/op |
| BenchmarkTraffic_GithubAll | 355 | 3478508 ns/op | 820744 B/op | 14114 allocs/op |
| BenchmarkVulcan_GithubAll | 6885 | 193333 ns/op | 19894 B/op | 609 allocs/op |
- (1): Total Repetitions achieved in constant time, higher means more confident result
- (2): Single Repetition Duration (ns/op), lower is better
- (3): Heap Memory (B/op), lower is better
- (4): Average Allocations per Repetition (allocs/op), lower is better
## Gin v1. stable
- [x] Zero allocation router.
- [x] Still the fastest http router and framework. From routing to writing.
- [x] Complete suite of unit tests.
- [x] Battle tested.
- [x] API frozen, new releases will not break your code.
## Build with json replacement
Gin uses `encoding/json` as default json package but you can change it by build from other tags.
[jsoniter](https://github.com/json-iterator/go)
```sh
go build -tags=jsoniter .
```
[go-json](https://github.com/goccy/go-json)
```sh
go build -tags=go_json .
```
[sonic](https://github.com/bytedance/sonic) (you have to ensure that your cpu support avx instruction.)
```sh
$ go build -tags="sonic avx" .
```
## Build without `MsgPack` rendering feature
Gin enables `MsgPack` rendering feature by default. But you can disable this feature by specifying `nomsgpack` build tag.
```sh
go build -tags=nomsgpack .
```
This is useful to reduce the binary size of executable files. See the [detail information](https://github.com/gin-gonic/gin/pull/1852).
## API Examples
You can find a number of ready-to-run examples at [Gin examples repository](https://github.com/gin-gonic/examples).
### Using GET, POST, PUT, PATCH, DELETE and OPTIONS
```go
func main() {
// Creates a gin router with default middleware:
// logger and recovery (crash-free) middleware
router := gin.Default()
router.GET("/someGet", getting)
router.POST("/somePost", posting)
router.PUT("/somePut", putting)
router.DELETE("/someDelete", deleting)
router.PATCH("/somePatch", patching)
router.HEAD("/someHead", head)
router.OPTIONS("/someOptions", options)
// By default it serves on :8080 unless a
// PORT environment variable was defined.
router.Run()
// router.Run(":3000") for a hard coded port
}
```
### Parameters in path
```go
func main() {
router := gin.Default()
// This handler will match /user/john but will not match /user/ or /user
router.GET("/user/:name", func(c *gin.Context) {
name := c.Param("name")
c.String(http.StatusOK, "Hello %s", name)
})
// However, this one will match /user/john/ and also /user/john/send
// If no other routers match /user/john, it will redirect to /user/john/
router.GET("/user/:name/*action", func(c *gin.Context) {
name := c.Param("name")
action := c.Param("action")
message := name + " is " + action
c.String(http.StatusOK, message)
})
// For each matched request Context will hold the route definition
router.POST("/user/:name/*action", func(c *gin.Context) {
b := c.FullPath() == "/user/:name/*action" // true
c.String(http.StatusOK, "%t", b)
})
// This handler will add a new router for /user/groups.
// Exact routes are resolved before param routes, regardless of the order they were defined.
// Routes starting with /user/groups are never interpreted as /user/:name/... routes
router.GET("/user/groups", func(c *gin.Context) {
c.String(http.StatusOK, "The available groups are [...]")
})
router.Run(":8080")
}
```
### Querystring parameters
```go
func main() {
router := gin.Default()
// Query string parameters are parsed using the existing underlying request object.
// The request responds to an url matching: /welcome?firstname=Jane&lastname=Doe
router.GET("/welcome", func(c *gin.Context) {
firstname := c.DefaultQuery("firstname", "Guest")
lastname := c.Query("lastname") // shortcut for c.Request.URL.Query().Get("lastname")
c.String(http.StatusOK, "Hello %s %s", firstname, lastname)
})
router.Run(":8080")
}
```
### Multipart/Urlencoded Form
```go
func main() {
router := gin.Default()
router.POST("/form_post", func(c *gin.Context) {
message := c.PostForm("message")
nick := c.DefaultPostForm("nick", "anonymous")
c.JSON(http.StatusOK, gin.H{
"status": "posted",
"message": message,
"nick": nick,
})
})
router.Run(":8080")
}
```
### Another example: query + post form
```sh
POST /post?id=1234&page=1 HTTP/1.1
Content-Type: application/x-www-form-urlencoded
name=manu&message=this_is_great
```
```go
func main() {
router := gin.Default()
router.POST("/post", func(c *gin.Context) {
id := c.Query("id")
page := c.DefaultQuery("page", "0")
name := c.PostForm("name")
message := c.PostForm("message")
fmt.Printf("id: %s; page: %s; name: %s; message: %s", id, page, name, message)
})
router.Run(":8080")
}
```
```sh
id: 1234; page: 1; name: manu; message: this_is_great
```
### Map as querystring or postform parameters
```sh
POST /post?ids[a]=1234&ids[b]=hello HTTP/1.1
Content-Type: application/x-www-form-urlencoded
names[first]=thinkerou&names[second]=tianou
```
```go
func main() {
router := gin.Default()
router.POST("/post", func(c *gin.Context) {
ids := c.QueryMap("ids")
names := c.PostFormMap("names")
fmt.Printf("ids: %v; names: %v", ids, names)
})
router.Run(":8080")
}
```
```sh
ids: map[b:hello a:1234]; names: map[second:tianou first:thinkerou]
```
### Upload files
#### Single file
References issue [#774](https://github.com/gin-gonic/gin/issues/774) and detail [example code](https://github.com/gin-gonic/examples/tree/master/upload-file/single).
`file.Filename` **SHOULD NOT** be trusted. See [`Content-Disposition` on MDN](https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/HTTP/Headers/Content-Disposition#Directives) and [#1693](https://github.com/gin-gonic/gin/issues/1693)
> The filename is always optional and must not be used blindly by the application: path information should be stripped, and conversion to the server file system rules should be done.
```go
func main() {
router := gin.Default()
// Set a lower memory limit for multipart forms (default is 32 MiB)
router.MaxMultipartMemory = 8 << 20 // 8 MiB
router.POST("/upload", func(c *gin.Context) {
// Single file
file, _ := c.FormFile("file")
log.Println(file.Filename)
// Upload the file to specific dst.
c.SaveUploadedFile(file, dst)
c.String(http.StatusOK, fmt.Sprintf("'%s' uploaded!", file.Filename))
})
router.Run(":8080")
}
```
How to `curl`:
```bash
curl -X POST http://localhost:8080/upload \
-F "file=@/Users/appleboy/test.zip" \
-H "Content-Type: multipart/form-data"
```
#### Multiple files
See the detail [example code](https://github.com/gin-gonic/examples/tree/master/upload-file/multiple).
```go
func main() {
router := gin.Default()
// Set a lower memory limit for multipart forms (default is 32 MiB)
router.MaxMultipartMemory = 8 << 20 // 8 MiB
router.POST("/upload", func(c *gin.Context) {
// Multipart form
form, _ := c.MultipartForm()
files := form.File["upload[]"]
for _, file := range files {
log.Println(file.Filename)
// Upload the file to specific dst.
c.SaveUploadedFile(file, dst)
}
c.String(http.StatusOK, fmt.Sprintf("%d files uploaded!", len(files)))
})
router.Run(":8080")
}
```
How to `curl`:
```bash
curl -X POST http://localhost:8080/upload \
-F "upload[]=@/Users/appleboy/test1.zip" \
-F "upload[]=@/Users/appleboy/test2.zip" \
-H "Content-Type: multipart/form-data"
```
### Grouping routes
```go
func main() {
router := gin.Default()
// Simple group: v1
v1 := router.Group("/v1")
{
v1.POST("/login", loginEndpoint)
v1.POST("/submit", submitEndpoint)
v1.POST("/read", readEndpoint)
}
// Simple group: v2
v2 := router.Group("/v2")
{
v2.POST("/login", loginEndpoint)
v2.POST("/submit", submitEndpoint)
v2.POST("/read", readEndpoint)
}
router.Run(":8080")
}
```
### Blank Gin without middleware by default
Use
```go
r := gin.New()
```
instead of
```go
// Default With the Logger and Recovery middleware already attached
r := gin.Default()
```
### Using middleware
```go
func main() {
// Creates a router without any middleware by default
r := gin.New()
// Global middleware
// Logger middleware will write the logs to gin.DefaultWriter even if you set with GIN_MODE=release.
// By default gin.DefaultWriter = os.Stdout
r.Use(gin.Logger())
// Recovery middleware recovers from any panics and writes a 500 if there was one.
r.Use(gin.Recovery())
// Per route middleware, you can add as many as you desire.
r.GET("/benchmark", MyBenchLogger(), benchEndpoint)
// Authorization group
// authorized := r.Group("/", AuthRequired())
// exactly the same as:
authorized := r.Group("/")
// per group middleware! in this case we use the custom created
// AuthRequired() middleware just in the "authorized" group.
authorized.Use(AuthRequired())
{
authorized.POST("/login", loginEndpoint)
authorized.POST("/submit", submitEndpoint)
authorized.POST("/read", readEndpoint)
// nested group
testing := authorized.Group("testing")
// visit 0.0.0.0:8080/testing/analytics
testing.GET("/analytics", analyticsEndpoint)
}
// Listen and serve on 0.0.0.0:8080
r.Run(":8080")
}
```
### Custom Recovery behavior
```go
func main() {
// Creates a router without any middleware by default
r := gin.New()
// Global middleware
// Logger middleware will write the logs to gin.DefaultWriter even if you set with GIN_MODE=release.
// By default gin.DefaultWriter = os.Stdout
r.Use(gin.Logger())
// Recovery middleware recovers from any panics and writes a 500 if there was one.
r.Use(gin.CustomRecovery(func(c *gin.Context, recovered interface{}) {
if err, ok := recovered.(string); ok {
c.String(http.StatusInternalServerError, fmt.Sprintf("error: %s", err))
}
c.AbortWithStatus(http.StatusInternalServerError)
}))
r.GET("/panic", func(c *gin.Context) {
// panic with a string -- the custom middleware could save this to a database or report it to the user
panic("foo")
})
r.GET("/", func(c *gin.Context) {
c.String(http.StatusOK, "ohai")
})
// Listen and serve on 0.0.0.0:8080
r.Run(":8080")
}
```
### How to write log file
```go
func main() {
// Disable Console Color, you don't need console color when writing the logs to file.
gin.DisableConsoleColor()
// Logging to a file.
f, _ := os.Create("gin.log")
gin.DefaultWriter = io.MultiWriter(f)
// Use the following code if you need to write the logs to file and console at the same time.
// gin.DefaultWriter = io.MultiWriter(f, os.Stdout)
router := gin.Default()
router.GET("/ping", func(c *gin.Context) {
c.String(http.StatusOK, "pong")
})
   router.Run(":8080")
}
```
### Custom Log Format
```go
func main() {
router := gin.New()
// LoggerWithFormatter middleware will write the logs to gin.DefaultWriter
// By default gin.DefaultWriter = os.Stdout
router.Use(gin.LoggerWithFormatter(func(param gin.LogFormatterParams) string {
// your custom format
return fmt.Sprintf("%s - [%s] \"%s %s %s %d %s \"%s\" %s\"\n",
param.ClientIP,
param.TimeStamp.Format(time.RFC1123),
param.Method,
param.Path,
param.Request.Proto,
param.StatusCode,
param.Latency,
param.Request.UserAgent(),
param.ErrorMessage,
)
}))
router.Use(gin.Recovery())
router.GET("/ping", func(c *gin.Context) {
c.String(http.StatusOK, "pong")
})
router.Run(":8080")
}
```
Sample Output
```sh
::1 - [Fri, 07 Dec 2018 17:04:38 JST] "GET /ping HTTP/1.1 200 122.767µs "Mozilla/5.0 (Macintosh; Intel Mac OS X 10_11_6) AppleWebKit/537.36 (KHTML, like Gecko) Chrome/71.0.3578.80 Safari/537.36" "
```
### Controlling Log output coloring
By default, logs output on console should be colorized depending on the detected TTY.
Never colorize logs:
```go
func main() {
// Disable log's color
gin.DisableConsoleColor()
// Creates a gin router with default middleware:
// logger and recovery (crash-free) middleware
router := gin.Default()
router.GET("/ping", func(c *gin.Context) {
c.String(http.StatusOK, "pong")
})
router.Run(":8080")
}
```
Always colorize logs:
```go
func main() {
// Force log's color
gin.ForceConsoleColor()
// Creates a gin router with default middleware:
// logger and recovery (crash-free) middleware
router := gin.Default()
router.GET("/ping", func(c *gin.Context) {
c.String(http.StatusOK, "pong")
})
router.Run(":8080")
}
```
### Model binding and validation
To bind a request body into a type, use model binding. We currently support binding of JSON, XML, YAML, TOML and standard form values (foo=bar&boo=baz).
Gin uses [**go-playground/validator/v10**](https://github.com/go-playground/validator) for validation. Check the full docs on tags usage [here](https://pkg.go.dev/github.com/go-playground/validator#hdr-Baked_In_Validators_and_Tags).
Note that you need to set the corresponding binding tag on all fields you want to bind. For example, when binding from JSON, set `json:"fieldname"`.
Also, Gin provides two sets of methods for binding:
- **Type** - Must bind
- **Methods** - `Bind`, `BindJSON`, `BindXML`, `BindQuery`, `BindYAML`, `BindHeader`, `BindTOML`
- **Behavior** - These methods use `MustBindWith` under the hood. If there is a binding error, the request is aborted with `c.AbortWithError(400, err).SetType(ErrorTypeBind)`. This sets the response status code to 400 and the `Content-Type` header is set to `text/plain; charset=utf-8`. Note that if you try to set the response code after this, it will result in a warning `[GIN-debug] [WARNING] Headers were already written. Wanted to override status code 400 with 422`. If you wish to have greater control over the behavior, consider using the `ShouldBind` equivalent method.
- **Type** - Should bind
- **Methods** - `ShouldBind`, `ShouldBindJSON`, `ShouldBindXML`, `ShouldBindQuery`, `ShouldBindYAML`, `ShouldBindHeader`, `ShouldBindTOML`,
- **Behavior** - These methods use `ShouldBindWith` under the hood. If there is a binding error, the error is returned and it is the developer's responsibility to handle the request and error appropriately.
When using the Bind-method, Gin tries to infer the binder depending on the Content-Type header. If you are sure what you are binding, you can use `MustBindWith` or `ShouldBindWith`.
You can also specify that specific fields are required. If a field is decorated with `binding:"required"` and has an empty value when binding, an error will be returned.
```go
// Binding from JSON
type Login struct {
User string `form:"user" json:"user" xml:"user" binding:"required"`
Password string `form:"password" json:"password" xml:"password" binding:"required"`
}
func main() {
router := gin.Default()
// Example for binding JSON ({"user": "manu", "password": "123"})
router.POST("/loginJSON", func(c *gin.Context) {
var json Login
if err := c.ShouldBindJSON(&json); err != nil {
c.JSON(http.StatusBadRequest, gin.H{"error": err.Error()})
return
}
if json.User != "manu" || json.Password != "123" {
c.JSON(http.StatusUnauthorized, gin.H{"status": "unauthorized"})
return
}
c.JSON(http.StatusOK, gin.H{"status": "you are logged in"})
})
// Example for binding XML (
// <?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
// <root>
// <user>manu</user>
// <password>123</password>
// </root>)
router.POST("/loginXML", func(c *gin.Context) {
var xml Login
if err := c.ShouldBindXML(&xml); err != nil {
c.JSON(http.StatusBadRequest, gin.H{"error": err.Error()})
return
}
if xml.User != "manu" || xml.Password != "123" {
c.JSON(http.StatusUnauthorized, gin.H{"status": "unauthorized"})
return
}
c.JSON(http.StatusOK, gin.H{"status": "you are logged in"})
})
// Example for binding a HTML form (user=manu&password=123)
router.POST("/loginForm", func(c *gin.Context) {
var form Login
// This will infer what binder to use depending on the content-type header.
if err := c.ShouldBind(&form); err != nil {
c.JSON(http.StatusBadRequest, gin.H{"error": err.Error()})
return
}
if form.User != "manu" || form.Password != "123" {
c.JSON(http.StatusUnauthorized, gin.H{"status": "unauthorized"})
return
}
c.JSON(http.StatusOK, gin.H{"status": "you are logged in"})
})
// Listen and serve on 0.0.0.0:8080
router.Run(":8080")
}
```
Sample request
```sh
$ curl -v -X POST \
http://localhost:8080/loginJSON \
-H 'content-type: application/json' \
-d '{ "user": "manu" }'
> POST /loginJSON HTTP/1.1
> Host: localhost:8080
> User-Agent: curl/7.51.0
> Accept: */*
> content-type: application/json
> Content-Length: 18
>
* upload completely sent off: 18 out of 18 bytes
< HTTP/1.1 400 Bad Request
< Content-Type: application/json; charset=utf-8
< Date: Fri, 04 Aug 2017 03:51:31 GMT
< Content-Length: 100
<
{"error":"Key: 'Login.Password' Error:Field validation for 'Password' failed on the 'required' tag"}
```
Skip validate: when running the above example using the above the `curl` command, it returns error. Because the example use `binding:"required"` for `Password`. If use `binding:"-"` for `Password`, then it will not return error when running the above example again.
### Custom Validators
It is also possible to register custom validators. See the [example code](https://github.com/gin-gonic/examples/tree/master/custom-validation/server.go).
```go
package main
import (
"net/http"
"time"
"github.com/gin-gonic/gin"
"github.com/gin-gonic/gin/binding"
"github.com/go-playground/validator/v10"
)
// Booking contains binded and validated data.
type Booking struct {
CheckIn time.Time `form:"check_in" binding:"required,bookabledate" time_format:"2006-01-02"`
CheckOut time.Time `form:"check_out" binding:"required,gtfield=CheckIn" time_format:"2006-01-02"`
}
var bookableDate validator.Func = func(fl validator.FieldLevel) bool {
date, ok := fl.Field().Interface().(time.Time)
if ok {
today := time.Now()
if today.After(date) {
return false
}
}
return true
}
func main() {
route := gin.Default()
if v, ok := binding.Validator.Engine().(*validator.Validate); ok {
v.RegisterValidation("bookabledate", bookableDate)
}
route.GET("/bookable", getBookable)
route.Run(":8085")
}
func getBookable(c *gin.Context) {
var b Booking
if err := c.ShouldBindWith(&b, binding.Query); err == nil {
c.JSON(http.StatusOK, gin.H{"message": "Booking dates are valid!"})
} else {
c.JSON(http.StatusBadRequest, gin.H{"error": err.Error()})
}
}
```
```console
$ curl "localhost:8085/bookable?check_in=2030-04-16&check_out=2030-04-17"
{"message":"Booking dates are valid!"}
$ curl "localhost:8085/bookable?check_in=2030-03-10&check_out=2030-03-09"
{"error":"Key: 'Booking.CheckOut' Error:Field validation for 'CheckOut' failed on the 'gtfield' tag"}
$ curl "localhost:8085/bookable?check_in=2000-03-09&check_out=2000-03-10"
{"error":"Key: 'Booking.CheckIn' Error:Field validation for 'CheckIn' failed on the 'bookabledate' tag"}%
```
[Struct level validations](https://github.com/go-playground/validator/releases/tag/v8.7) can also be registered this way.
See the [struct-lvl-validation example](https://github.com/gin-gonic/examples/tree/master/struct-lvl-validations) to learn more.
### Only Bind Query String
`ShouldBindQuery` function only binds the query params and not the post data. See the [detail information](https://github.com/gin-gonic/gin/issues/742#issuecomment-315953017).
```go
package main
import (
"log"
"net/http"
"github.com/gin-gonic/gin"
)
type Person struct {
Name string `form:"name"`
Address string `form:"address"`
}
func main() {
route := gin.Default()
route.Any("/testing", startPage)
route.Run(":8085")
}
func startPage(c *gin.Context) {
var person Person
if c.ShouldBindQuery(&person) == nil {
log.Println("====== Only Bind By Query String ======")
log.Println(person.Name)
log.Println(person.Address)
}
c.String(http.StatusOK, "Success")
}
```
### Bind Query String or Post Data
See the [detail information](https://github.com/gin-gonic/gin/issues/742#issuecomment-264681292).
```go
package main
import (
"log"
"net/http"
"time"
"github.com/gin-gonic/gin"
)
type Person struct {
Name string `form:"name"`
Address string `form:"address"`
Birthday time.Time `form:"birthday" time_format:"2006-01-02" time_utc:"1"`
CreateTime time.Time `form:"createTime" time_format:"unixNano"`
UnixTime time.Time `form:"unixTime" time_format:"unix"`
}
func main() {
route := gin.Default()
route.GET("/testing", startPage)
route.Run(":8085")
}
func startPage(c *gin.Context) {
var person Person
// If `GET`, only `Form` binding engine (`query`) used.
// If `POST`, first checks the `content-type` for `JSON` or `XML`, then uses `Form` (`form-data`).
// See more at https://github.com/gin-gonic/gin/blob/master/binding/binding.go#L88
if c.ShouldBind(&person) == nil {
log.Println(person.Name)
log.Println(person.Address)
log.Println(person.Birthday)
log.Println(person.CreateTime)
log.Println(person.UnixTime)
}
c.String(http.StatusOK, "Success")
}
```
Test it with:
```sh
curl -X GET "localhost:8085/testing?name=appleboy&address=xyz&birthday=1992-03-15&createTime=1562400033000000123&unixTime=1562400033"
```
### Bind Uri
See the [detail information](https://github.com/gin-gonic/gin/issues/846).
```go
package main
import (
"net/http"
"github.com/gin-gonic/gin"
)
type Person struct {
ID string `uri:"id" binding:"required,uuid"`
Name string `uri:"name" binding:"required"`
}
func main() {
route := gin.Default()
route.GET("/:name/:id", func(c *gin.Context) {
var person Person
if err := c.ShouldBindUri(&person); err != nil {
c.JSON(http.StatusBadRequest, gin.H{"msg": err.Error()})
return
}
c.JSON(http.StatusOK, gin.H{"name": person.Name, "uuid": person.ID})
})
route.Run(":8088")
}
```
Test it with:
```sh
curl -v localhost:8088/thinkerou/987fbc97-4bed-5078-9f07-9141ba07c9f3
curl -v localhost:8088/thinkerou/not-uuid
```
### Bind Header
```go
package main
import (
"fmt"
"net/http"
"github.com/gin-gonic/gin"
)
type testHeader struct {
Rate int `header:"Rate"`
Domain string `header:"Domain"`
}
func main() {
r := gin.Default()
r.GET("/", func(c *gin.Context) {
h := testHeader{}
if err := c.ShouldBindHeader(&h); err != nil {
c.JSON(http.StatusOK, err)
}
fmt.Printf("%#v\n", h)
c.JSON(http.StatusOK, gin.H{"Rate": h.Rate, "Domain": h.Domain})
})
r.Run()
// client
// curl -H "rate:300" -H "domain:music" 127.0.0.1:8080/
// output
// {"Domain":"music","Rate":300}
}
```
### Bind HTML checkboxes
See the [detail information](https://github.com/gin-gonic/gin/issues/129#issuecomment-124260092)
main.go
```go
...
type myForm struct {
Colors []string `form:"colors[]"`
}
...
func formHandler(c *gin.Context) {
var fakeForm myForm
c.ShouldBind(&fakeForm)
c.JSON(http.StatusOK, gin.H{"color": fakeForm.Colors})
}
...
```
form.html
```html
<form action="/" method="POST">
<p>Check some colors</p>
<label for="red">Red</label>
<input type="checkbox" name="colors[]" value="red" id="red">
<label for="green">Green</label>
<input type="checkbox" name="colors[]" value="green" id="green">
<label for="blue">Blue</label>
<input type="checkbox" name="colors[]" value="blue" id="blue">
<input type="submit">
</form>
```
result:
```json
{"color":["red","green","blue"]}
```
### Multipart/Urlencoded binding
```go
type ProfileForm struct {
Name string `form:"name" binding:"required"`
Avatar *multipart.FileHeader `form:"avatar" binding:"required"`
// or for multiple files
// Avatars []*multipart.FileHeader `form:"avatar" binding:"required"`
}
func main() {
router := gin.Default()
router.POST("/profile", func(c *gin.Context) {
// you can bind multipart form with explicit binding declaration:
// c.ShouldBindWith(&form, binding.Form)
// or you can simply use autobinding with ShouldBind method:
var form ProfileForm
// in this case proper binding will be automatically selected
if err := c.ShouldBind(&form); err != nil {
c.String(http.StatusBadRequest, "bad request")
return
}
err := c.SaveUploadedFile(form.Avatar, form.Avatar.Filename)
if err != nil {
c.String(http.StatusInternalServerError, "unknown error")
return
}
// db.Save(&form)
c.String(http.StatusOK, "ok")
})
router.Run(":8080")
}
```
Test it with:
```sh
curl -X POST -v --form name=user --form "avatar=@./avatar.png" http://localhost:8080/profile
```
### XML, JSON, YAML and ProtoBuf rendering
```go
func main() {
r := gin.Default()
// gin.H is a shortcut for map[string]interface{}
r.GET("/someJSON", func(c *gin.Context) {
c.JSON(http.StatusOK, gin.H{"message": "hey", "status": http.StatusOK})
})
r.GET("/moreJSON", func(c *gin.Context) {
// You also can use a struct
var msg struct {
Name string `json:"user"`
Message string
Number int
}
msg.Name = "Lena"
msg.Message = "hey"
msg.Number = 123
// Note that msg.Name becomes "user" in the JSON
// Will output : {"user": "Lena", "Message": "hey", "Number": 123}
c.JSON(http.StatusOK, msg)
})
r.GET("/someXML", func(c *gin.Context) {
c.XML(http.StatusOK, gin.H{"message": "hey", "status": http.StatusOK})
})
r.GET("/someYAML", func(c *gin.Context) {
c.YAML(http.StatusOK, gin.H{"message": "hey", "status": http.StatusOK})
})
r.GET("/someProtoBuf", func(c *gin.Context) {
reps := []int64{int64(1), int64(2)}
label := "test"
// The specific definition of protobuf is written in the testdata/protoexample file.
data := &protoexample.Test{
Label: &label,
Reps: reps,
}
// Note that data becomes binary data in the response
// Will output protoexample.Test protobuf serialized data
c.ProtoBuf(http.StatusOK, data)
})
// Listen and serve on 0.0.0.0:8080
r.Run(":8080")
}
```
#### SecureJSON
Using SecureJSON to prevent json hijacking. Default prepends `"while(1),"` to response body if the given struct is array values.
```go
func main() {
r := gin.Default()
// You can also use your own secure json prefix
// r.SecureJsonPrefix(")]}',\n")
r.GET("/someJSON", func(c *gin.Context) {
names := []string{"lena", "austin", "foo"}
// Will output : while(1);["lena","austin","foo"]
c.SecureJSON(http.StatusOK, names)
})
// Listen and serve on 0.0.0.0:8080
r.Run(":8080")
}
```
#### JSONP
Using JSONP to request data from a server in a different domain. Add callback to response body if the query parameter callback exists.
```go
func main() {
r := gin.Default()
r.GET("/JSONP", func(c *gin.Context) {
data := gin.H{
"foo": "bar",
}
//callback is x
// Will output : x({\"foo\":\"bar\"})
c.JSONP(http.StatusOK, data)
})
// Listen and serve on 0.0.0.0:8080
r.Run(":8080")
// client
// curl http://127.0.0.1:8080/JSONP?callback=x
}
```
#### AsciiJSON
Using AsciiJSON to Generates ASCII-only JSON with escaped non-ASCII characters.
```go
func main() {
r := gin.Default()
r.GET("/someJSON", func(c *gin.Context) {
data := gin.H{
"lang": "GO语言",
"tag": "<br>",
}
// will output : {"lang":"GO\u8bed\u8a00","tag":"\u003cbr\u003e"}
c.AsciiJSON(http.StatusOK, data)
})
// Listen and serve on 0.0.0.0:8080
r.Run(":8080")
}
```
#### PureJSON
Normally, JSON replaces special HTML characters with their unicode entities, e.g. `<` becomes `\u003c`. If you want to encode such characters literally, you can use PureJSON instead.
This feature is unavailable in Go 1.6 and lower.
```go
func main() {
r := gin.Default()
// Serves unicode entities
r.GET("/json", func(c *gin.Context) {
c.JSON(http.StatusOK, gin.H{
"html": "<b>Hello, world!</b>",
})
})
// Serves literal characters
r.GET("/purejson", func(c *gin.Context) {
c.PureJSON(http.StatusOK, gin.H{
"html": "<b>Hello, world!</b>",
})
})
// listen and serve on 0.0.0.0:8080
r.Run(":8080")
}
```
### Serving static files
```go
func main() {
router := gin.Default()
router.Static("/assets", "./assets")
router.StaticFS("/more_static", http.Dir("my_file_system"))
router.StaticFile("/favicon.ico", "./resources/favicon.ico")
router.StaticFileFS("/more_favicon.ico", "more_favicon.ico", http.Dir("my_file_system"))
// Listen and serve on 0.0.0.0:8080
router.Run(":8080")
}
```
### Serving data from file
```go
func main() {
router := gin.Default()
router.GET("/local/file", func(c *gin.Context) {
c.File("local/file.go")
})
var fs http.FileSystem = // ...
router.GET("/fs/file", func(c *gin.Context) {
c.FileFromFS("fs/file.go", fs)
})
}
```
### Serving data from reader
```go
func main() {
router := gin.Default()
router.GET("/someDataFromReader", func(c *gin.Context) {
response, err := http.Get("https://raw.githubusercontent.com/gin-gonic/logo/master/color.png")
if err != nil || response.StatusCode != http.StatusOK {
c.Status(http.StatusServiceUnavailable)
return
}
reader := response.Body
defer reader.Close()
contentLength := response.ContentLength
contentType := response.Header.Get("Content-Type")
extraHeaders := map[string]string{
"Content-Disposition": `attachment; filename="gopher.png"`,
}
c.DataFromReader(http.StatusOK, contentLength, contentType, reader, extraHeaders)
})
router.Run(":8080")
}
```
### HTML rendering
Using LoadHTMLGlob() or LoadHTMLFiles()
```go
func main() {
router := gin.Default()
router.LoadHTMLGlob("templates/*")
//router.LoadHTMLFiles("templates/template1.html", "templates/template2.html")
router.GET("/index", func(c *gin.Context) {
c.HTML(http.StatusOK, "index.tmpl", gin.H{
"title": "Main website",
})
})
router.Run(":8080")
}
```
templates/index.tmpl
```html
<html>
<h1>
{{ .title }}
</h1>
</html>
```
Using templates with same name in different directories
```go
func main() {
router := gin.Default()
router.LoadHTMLGlob("templates/**/*")
router.GET("/posts/index", func(c *gin.Context) {
c.HTML(http.StatusOK, "posts/index.tmpl", gin.H{
"title": "Posts",
})
})
router.GET("/users/index", func(c *gin.Context) {
c.HTML(http.StatusOK, "users/index.tmpl", gin.H{
"title": "Users",
})
})
router.Run(":8080")
}
```
templates/posts/index.tmpl
```html
{{ define "posts/index.tmpl" }}
<html><h1>
{{ .title }}
</h1>
<p>Using posts/index.tmpl</p>
</html>
{{ end }}
```
templates/users/index.tmpl
```html
{{ define "users/index.tmpl" }}
<html><h1>
{{ .title }}
</h1>
<p>Using users/index.tmpl</p>
</html>
{{ end }}
```
#### Custom Template renderer
You can also use your own html template render
```go
import "html/template"
func main() {
router := gin.Default()
html := template.Must(template.ParseFiles("file1", "file2"))
router.SetHTMLTemplate(html)
router.Run(":8080")
}
```
#### Custom Delimiters
You may use custom delims
```go
r := gin.Default()
r.Delims("{[{", "}]}")
r.LoadHTMLGlob("/path/to/templates")
```
#### Custom Template Funcs
See the detail [example code](https://github.com/gin-gonic/examples/tree/master/template).
main.go
```go
import (
"fmt"
"html/template"
"net/http"
"time"
"github.com/gin-gonic/gin"
)
func formatAsDate(t time.Time) string {
year, month, day := t.Date()
return fmt.Sprintf("%d/%02d/%02d", year, month, day)
}
func main() {
router := gin.Default()
router.Delims("{[{", "}]}")
router.SetFuncMap(template.FuncMap{
"formatAsDate": formatAsDate,
})
router.LoadHTMLFiles("./testdata/template/raw.tmpl")
router.GET("/raw", func(c *gin.Context) {
c.HTML(http.StatusOK, "raw.tmpl", gin.H{
"now": time.Date(2017, 07, 01, 0, 0, 0, 0, time.UTC),
})
})
router.Run(":8080")
}
```
raw.tmpl
```html
Date: {[{.now | formatAsDate}]}
```
Result:
```sh
Date: 2017/07/01
```
### Multitemplate
Gin allow by default use only one html.Template. Check [a multitemplate render](https://github.com/gin-contrib/multitemplate) for using features like go 1.6 `block template`.
### Redirects
Issuing a HTTP redirect is easy. Both internal and external locations are supported.
```go
r.GET("/test", func(c *gin.Context) {
c.Redirect(http.StatusMovedPermanently, "http://www.google.com/")
})
```
Issuing a HTTP redirect from POST. Refer to issue: [#444](https://github.com/gin-gonic/gin/issues/444)
```go
r.POST("/test", func(c *gin.Context) {
c.Redirect(http.StatusFound, "/foo")
})
```
Issuing a Router redirect, use `HandleContext` like below.
``` go
r.GET("/test", func(c *gin.Context) {
c.Request.URL.Path = "/test2"
r.HandleContext(c)
})
r.GET("/test2", func(c *gin.Context) {
c.JSON(http.StatusOK, gin.H{"hello": "world"})
})
```
### Custom Middleware
```go
func Logger() gin.HandlerFunc {
return func(c *gin.Context) {
t := time.Now()
// Set example variable
c.Set("example", "12345")
// before request
c.Next()
// after request
latency := time.Since(t)
log.Print(latency)
// access the status we are sending
status := c.Writer.Status()
log.Println(status)
}
}
func main() {
r := gin.New()
r.Use(Logger())
r.GET("/test", func(c *gin.Context) {
example := c.MustGet("example").(string)
// it would print: "12345"
log.Println(example)
})
// Listen and serve on 0.0.0.0:8080
r.Run(":8080")
}
```
### Using BasicAuth() middleware
```go
// simulate some private data
var secrets = gin.H{
"foo": gin.H{"email": "foo@bar.com", "phone": "123433"},
"austin": gin.H{"email": "austin@example.com", "phone": "666"},
"lena": gin.H{"email": "lena@guapa.com", "phone": "523443"},
}
func main() {
r := gin.Default()
// Group using gin.BasicAuth() middleware
// gin.Accounts is a shortcut for map[string]string
authorized := r.Group("/admin", gin.BasicAuth(gin.Accounts{
"foo": "bar",
"austin": "1234",
"lena": "hello2",
"manu": "4321",
}))
// /admin/secrets endpoint
// hit "localhost:8080/admin/secrets
authorized.GET("/secrets", func(c *gin.Context) {
// get user, it was set by the BasicAuth middleware
user := c.MustGet(gin.AuthUserKey).(string)
if secret, ok := secrets[user]; ok {
c.JSON(http.StatusOK, gin.H{"user": user, "secret": secret})
} else {
c.JSON(http.StatusOK, gin.H{"user": user, "secret": "NO SECRET :("})
}
})
// Listen and serve on 0.0.0.0:8080
r.Run(":8080")
}
```
### Goroutines inside a middleware
When starting new Goroutines inside a middleware or handler, you **SHOULD NOT** use the original context inside it, you have to use a read-only copy.
```go
func main() {
r := gin.Default()
r.GET("/long_async", func(c *gin.Context) {
// create copy to be used inside the goroutine
cCp := c.Copy()
go func() {
// simulate a long task with time.Sleep(). 5 seconds
time.Sleep(5 * time.Second)
// note that you are using the copied context "cCp", IMPORTANT
log.Println("Done! in path " + cCp.Request.URL.Path)
}()
})
r.GET("/long_sync", func(c *gin.Context) {
// simulate a long task with time.Sleep(). 5 seconds
time.Sleep(5 * time.Second)
// since we are NOT using a goroutine, we do not have to copy the context
log.Println("Done! in path " + c.Request.URL.Path)
})
// Listen and serve on 0.0.0.0:8080
r.Run(":8080")
}
```
### Custom HTTP configuration
Use `http.ListenAndServe()` directly, like this:
```go
func main() {
router := gin.Default()
http.ListenAndServe(":8080", router)
}
```
or
```go
func main() {
router := gin.Default()
s := &http.Server{
Addr: ":8080",
Handler: router,
ReadTimeout: 10 * time.Second,
WriteTimeout: 10 * time.Second,
MaxHeaderBytes: 1 << 20,
}
s.ListenAndServe()
}
```
### Support Let's Encrypt
example for 1-line LetsEncrypt HTTPS servers.
```go
package main
import (
"log"
"net/http"
"github.com/gin-gonic/autotls"
"github.com/gin-gonic/gin"
)
func main() {
r := gin.Default()
// Ping handler
r.GET("/ping", func(c *gin.Context) {
c.String(http.StatusOK, "pong")
})
log.Fatal(autotls.Run(r, "example1.com", "example2.com"))
}
```
example for custom autocert manager.
```go
package main
import (
"log"
"net/http"
"github.com/gin-gonic/autotls"
"github.com/gin-gonic/gin"
"golang.org/x/crypto/acme/autocert"
)
func main() {
r := gin.Default()
// Ping handler
r.GET("/ping", func(c *gin.Context) {
c.String(http.StatusOK, "pong")
})
m := autocert.Manager{
Prompt: autocert.AcceptTOS,
HostPolicy: autocert.HostWhitelist("example1.com", "example2.com"),
Cache: autocert.DirCache("/var/www/.cache"),
}
log.Fatal(autotls.RunWithManager(r, &m))
}
```
### Run multiple service using Gin
See the [question](https://github.com/gin-gonic/gin/issues/346) and try the following example:
```go
package main
import (
"log"
"net/http"
"time"
"github.com/gin-gonic/gin"
"golang.org/x/sync/errgroup"
)
var (
g errgroup.Group
)
func router01() http.Handler {
e := gin.New()
e.Use(gin.Recovery())
e.GET("/", func(c *gin.Context) {
c.JSON(
http.StatusOK,
gin.H{
"code": http.StatusOK,
"error": "Welcome server 01",
},
)
})
return e
}
func router02() http.Handler {
e := gin.New()
e.Use(gin.Recovery())
e.GET("/", func(c *gin.Context) {
c.JSON(
http.StatusOK,
gin.H{
"code": http.StatusOK,
"error": "Welcome server 02",
},
)
})
return e
}
func main() {
server01 := &http.Server{
Addr: ":8080",
Handler: router01(),
ReadTimeout: 5 * time.Second,
WriteTimeout: 10 * time.Second,
}
server02 := &http.Server{
Addr: ":8081",
Handler: router02(),
ReadTimeout: 5 * time.Second,
WriteTimeout: 10 * time.Second,
}
g.Go(func() error {
err := server01.ListenAndServe()
if err != nil && err != http.ErrServerClosed {
log.Fatal(err)
}
return err
})
g.Go(func() error {
err := server02.ListenAndServe()
if err != nil && err != http.ErrServerClosed {
log.Fatal(err)
}
return err
})
if err := g.Wait(); err != nil {
log.Fatal(err)
}
}
```
### Graceful shutdown or restart
There are a few approaches you can use to perform a graceful shutdown or restart. You can make use of third-party packages specifically built for that, or you can manually do the same with the functions and methods from the built-in packages.
#### Third-party packages
We can use [fvbock/endless](https://github.com/fvbock/endless) to replace the default `ListenAndServe`. Refer to issue [#296](https://github.com/gin-gonic/gin/issues/296) for more details.
```go
router := gin.Default()
router.GET("/", handler)
// [...]
endless.ListenAndServe(":4242", router)
```
Alternatives:
* [grace](https://github.com/facebookgo/grace): Graceful restart & zero downtime deploy for Go servers.
* [graceful](https://github.com/tylerb/graceful): Graceful is a Go package enabling graceful shutdown of an http.Handler server.
* [manners](https://github.com/braintree/manners): A polite Go HTTP server that shuts down gracefully.
#### Manually
In case you are using Go 1.8 or a later version, you may not need to use those libraries. Consider using `http.Server`'s built-in [Shutdown()](https://pkg.go.dev/net/http#Server.Shutdown) method for graceful shutdowns. The example below describes its usage, and we've got more examples using gin [here](https://github.com/gin-gonic/examples/tree/master/graceful-shutdown).
```go
// +build go1.8
package main
import (
"context"
"log"
"net/http"
"os"
"os/signal"
"syscall"
"time"
"github.com/gin-gonic/gin"
)
func main() {
router := gin.Default()
router.GET("/", func(c *gin.Context) {
time.Sleep(5 * time.Second)
c.String(http.StatusOK, "Welcome Gin Server")
})
srv := &http.Server{
Addr: ":8080",
Handler: router,
}
// Initializing the server in a goroutine so that
// it won't block the graceful shutdown handling below
go func() {
if err := srv.ListenAndServe(); err != nil && errors.Is(err, http.ErrServerClosed) {
log.Printf("listen: %s\n", err)
}
}()
// Wait for interrupt signal to gracefully shutdown the server with
// a timeout of 5 seconds.
quit := make(chan os.Signal)
// kill (no param) default send syscall.SIGTERM
// kill -2 is syscall.SIGINT
// kill -9 is syscall.SIGKILL but can't be caught, so don't need to add it
signal.Notify(quit, syscall.SIGINT, syscall.SIGTERM)
<-quit
log.Println("Shutting down server...")
// The context is used to inform the server it has 5 seconds to finish
// the request it is currently handling
ctx, cancel := context.WithTimeout(context.Background(), 5*time.Second)
defer cancel()
if err := srv.Shutdown(ctx); err != nil {
log.Fatal("Server forced to shutdown:", err)
}
log.Println("Server exiting")
}
```
### Build a single binary with templates
You can build a server into a single binary containing templates by using [go-assets][].
[go-assets]: https://github.com/jessevdk/go-assets
```go
func main() {
r := gin.New()
t, err := loadTemplate()
if err != nil {
panic(err)
}
r.SetHTMLTemplate(t)
r.GET("/", func(c *gin.Context) {
c.HTML(http.StatusOK, "/html/index.tmpl",nil)
})
r.Run(":8080")
}
// loadTemplate loads templates embedded by go-assets-builder
func loadTemplate() (*template.Template, error) {
t := template.New("")
for name, file := range Assets.Files {
defer file.Close()
if file.IsDir() || !strings.HasSuffix(name, ".tmpl") {
continue
}
h, err := ioutil.ReadAll(file)
if err != nil {
return nil, err
}
t, err = t.New(name).Parse(string(h))
if err != nil {
return nil, err
}
}
return t, nil
}
```
See a complete example in the `https://github.com/gin-gonic/examples/tree/master/assets-in-binary` directory.
### Bind form-data request with custom struct
The follow example using custom struct:
```go
type StructA struct {
FieldA string `form:"field_a"`
}
type StructB struct {
NestedStruct StructA
FieldB string `form:"field_b"`
}
type StructC struct {
NestedStructPointer *StructA
FieldC string `form:"field_c"`
}
type StructD struct {
NestedAnonyStruct struct {
FieldX string `form:"field_x"`
}
FieldD string `form:"field_d"`
}
func GetDataB(c *gin.Context) {
var b StructB
c.Bind(&b)
c.JSON(http.StatusOK, gin.H{
"a": b.NestedStruct,
"b": b.FieldB,
})
}
func GetDataC(c *gin.Context) {
var b StructC
c.Bind(&b)
c.JSON(http.StatusOK, gin.H{
"a": b.NestedStructPointer,
"c": b.FieldC,
})
}
func GetDataD(c *gin.Context) {
var b StructD
c.Bind(&b)
c.JSON(http.StatusOK, gin.H{
"x": b.NestedAnonyStruct,
"d": b.FieldD,
})
}
func main() {
r := gin.Default()
r.GET("/getb", GetDataB)
r.GET("/getc", GetDataC)
r.GET("/getd", GetDataD)
r.Run()
}
```
Using the command `curl` command result:
```sh
$ curl "http://localhost:8080/getb?field_a=hello&field_b=world"
{"a":{"FieldA":"hello"},"b":"world"}
$ curl "http://localhost:8080/getc?field_a=hello&field_c=world"
{"a":{"FieldA":"hello"},"c":"world"}
$ curl "http://localhost:8080/getd?field_x=hello&field_d=world"
{"d":"world","x":{"FieldX":"hello"}}
```
### Try to bind body into different structs
The normal methods for binding request body consumes `c.Request.Body` and they
cannot be called multiple times.
```go
type formA struct {
Foo string `json:"foo" xml:"foo" binding:"required"`
}
type formB struct {
Bar string `json:"bar" xml:"bar" binding:"required"`
}
func SomeHandler(c *gin.Context) {
objA := formA{}
objB := formB{}
// This c.ShouldBind consumes c.Request.Body and it cannot be reused.
if errA := c.ShouldBind(&objA); errA == nil {
c.String(http.StatusOK, `the body should be formA`)
// Always an error is occurred by this because c.Request.Body is EOF now.
} else if errB := c.ShouldBind(&objB); errB == nil {
c.String(http.StatusOK, `the body should be formB`)
} else {
...
}
}
```
For this, you can use `c.ShouldBindBodyWith`.
```go
func SomeHandler(c *gin.Context) {
objA := formA{}
objB := formB{}
// This reads c.Request.Body and stores the result into the context.
if errA := c.ShouldBindBodyWith(&objA, binding.Form); errA == nil {
c.String(http.StatusOK, `the body should be formA`)
// At this time, it reuses body stored in the context.
} else if errB := c.ShouldBindBodyWith(&objB, binding.JSON); errB == nil {
c.String(http.StatusOK, `the body should be formB JSON`)
// And it can accepts other formats
} else if errB2 := c.ShouldBindBodyWith(&objB, binding.XML); errB2 == nil {
c.String(http.StatusOK, `the body should be formB XML`)
} else {
...
}
}
```
1. `c.ShouldBindBodyWith` stores body into the context before binding. This has
a slight impact to performance, so you should not use this method if you are
enough to call binding at once.
2. This feature is only needed for some formats -- `JSON`, `XML`, `MsgPack`,
`ProtoBuf`. For other formats, `Query`, `Form`, `FormPost`, `FormMultipart`,
can be called by `c.ShouldBind()` multiple times without any damage to
performance (See [#1341](https://github.com/gin-gonic/gin/pull/1341)).
### Bind form-data request with custom struct and custom tag
```go
const (
customerTag = "url"
defaultMemory = 32 << 20
)
type customerBinding struct {}
func (customerBinding) Name() string {
return "form"
}
func (customerBinding) Bind(req *http.Request, obj interface{}) error {
if err := req.ParseForm(); err != nil {
return err
}
if err := req.ParseMultipartForm(defaultMemory); err != nil {
if err != http.ErrNotMultipart {
return err
}
}
if err := binding.MapFormWithTag(obj, req.Form, customerTag); err != nil {
return err
}
return validate(obj)
}
func validate(obj interface{}) error {
if binding.Validator == nil {
return nil
}
return binding.Validator.ValidateStruct(obj)
}
// Now we can do this!!!
// FormA is an external type that we can't modify it's tag
type FormA struct {
FieldA string `url:"field_a"`
}
func ListHandler(s *Service) func(ctx *gin.Context) {
return func(ctx *gin.Context) {
var urlBinding = customerBinding{}
var opt FormA
err := ctx.MustBindWith(&opt, urlBinding)
if err != nil {
...
}
...
}
}
```
### http2 server push
http.Pusher is supported only **go1.8+**. See the [golang blog](https://go.dev/blog/h2push) for detail information.
```go
package main
import (
"html/template"
"log"
"net/http"
"github.com/gin-gonic/gin"
)
var html = template.Must(template.New("https").Parse(`
<html>
<head>
<title>Https Test</title>
<script src="/assets/app.js"></script>
</head>
<body>
<h1 style="color:red;">Welcome, Ginner!</h1>
</body>
</html>
`))
func main() {
r := gin.Default()
r.Static("/assets", "./assets")
r.SetHTMLTemplate(html)
r.GET("/", func(c *gin.Context) {
if pusher := c.Writer.Pusher(); pusher != nil {
// use pusher.Push() to do server push
if err := pusher.Push("/assets/app.js", nil); err != nil {
log.Printf("Failed to push: %v", err)
}
}
c.HTML(http.StatusOK, "https", gin.H{
"status": "success",
})
})
// Listen and Server in https://127.0.0.1:8080
r.RunTLS(":8080", "./testdata/server.pem", "./testdata/server.key")
}
```
### Define format for the log of routes
The default log of routes is:
```sh
[GIN-debug] POST /foo --> main.main.func1 (3 handlers)
[GIN-debug] GET /bar --> main.main.func2 (3 handlers)
[GIN-debug] GET /status --> main.main.func3 (3 handlers)
```
If you want to log this information in given format (e.g. JSON, key values or something else), then you can define this format with `gin.DebugPrintRouteFunc`.
In the example below, we log all routes with standard log package but you can use another log tools that suits of your needs.
```go
import (
"log"
"net/http"
"github.com/gin-gonic/gin"
)
func main() {
r := gin.Default()
gin.DebugPrintRouteFunc = func(httpMethod, absolutePath, handlerName string, nuHandlers int) {
log.Printf("endpoint %v %v %v %v\n", httpMethod, absolutePath, handlerName, nuHandlers)
}
r.POST("/foo", func(c *gin.Context) {
c.JSON(http.StatusOK, "foo")
})
r.GET("/bar", func(c *gin.Context) {
c.JSON(http.StatusOK, "bar")
})
r.GET("/status", func(c *gin.Context) {
c.JSON(http.StatusOK, "ok")
})
// Listen and Server in http://0.0.0.0:8080
r.Run()
}
```
### Set and get a cookie
```go
import (
"fmt"
"github.com/gin-gonic/gin"
)
func main() {
router := gin.Default()
router.GET("/cookie", func(c *gin.Context) {
cookie, err := c.Cookie("gin_cookie")
if err != nil {
cookie = "NotSet"
c.SetCookie("gin_cookie", "test", 3600, "/", "localhost", false, true)
}
fmt.Printf("Cookie value: %s \n", cookie)
})
router.Run()
}
```
## Don't trust all proxies
Gin lets you specify which headers to hold the real client IP (if any),
as well as specifying which proxies (or direct clients) you trust to
specify one of these headers.
Use function `SetTrustedProxies()` on your `gin.Engine` to specify network addresses
or network CIDRs from where clients which their request headers related to client
IP can be trusted. They can be IPv4 addresses, IPv4 CIDRs, IPv6 addresses or
IPv6 CIDRs.
**Attention:** Gin trust all proxies by default if you don't specify a trusted
proxy using the function above, **this is NOT safe**. At the same time, if you don't
use any proxy, you can disable this feature by using `Engine.SetTrustedProxies(nil)`,
then `Context.ClientIP()` will return the remote address directly to avoid some
unnecessary computation.
```go
import (
"fmt"
"github.com/gin-gonic/gin"
)
func main() {
router := gin.Default()
router.SetTrustedProxies([]string{"192.168.1.2"})
router.GET("/", func(c *gin.Context) {
// If the client is 192.168.1.2, use the X-Forwarded-For
// header to deduce the original client IP from the trust-
// worthy parts of that header.
// Otherwise, simply return the direct client IP
fmt.Printf("ClientIP: %s\n", c.ClientIP())
})
router.Run()
}
```
**Notice:** If you are using a CDN service, you can set the `Engine.TrustedPlatform`
to skip TrustedProxies check, it has a higher priority than TrustedProxies.
Look at the example below:
```go
import (
"fmt"
"github.com/gin-gonic/gin"
)
func main() {
router := gin.Default()
// Use predefined header gin.PlatformXXX
router.TrustedPlatform = gin.PlatformGoogleAppEngine
// Or set your own trusted request header for another trusted proxy service
// Don't set it to any suspect request header, it's unsafe
router.TrustedPlatform = "X-CDN-IP"
router.GET("/", func(c *gin.Context) {
// If you set TrustedPlatform, ClientIP() will resolve the
// corresponding header and return IP directly
fmt.Printf("ClientIP: %s\n", c.ClientIP())
})
router.Run()
}
```
## Testing
The `net/http/httptest` package is preferable way for HTTP testing.
```go
package main
import (
"net/http"
"github.com/gin-gonic/gin"
)
func setupRouter() *gin.Engine {
r := gin.Default()
r.GET("/ping", func(c *gin.Context) {
c.String(http.StatusOK, "pong")
})
return r
}
func main() {
r := setupRouter()
r.Run(":8080")
}
```
Test for code example above:
```go
package main
import (
"net/http"
"net/http/httptest"
"testing"
"github.com/stretchr/testify/assert"
)
func TestPingRoute(t *testing.T) {
router := setupRouter()
w := httptest.NewRecorder()
req, _ := http.NewRequest(http.MethodGet, "/ping", nil)
router.ServeHTTP(w, req)
assert.Equal(t, http.StatusOK, w.Code)
assert.Equal(t, "pong", w.Body.String())
}
```
## Users
Awesome project lists using [Gin](https://github.com/gin-gonic/gin) web framework.
* [gorush](https://github.com/appleboy/gorush): A push notification server written in Go.
* [fnproject](https://github.com/fnproject/fn): The container native, cloud agnostic serverless platform.
* [photoprism](https://github.com/photoprism/photoprism): Personal photo management powered by Go and Google TensorFlow.
* [lura](https://github.com/luraproject/lura): Ultra performant API Gateway with middlewares.
* [picfit](https://github.com/thoas/picfit): An image resizing server written in Go.
* [brigade](https://github.com/brigadecore/brigade): Event-based Scripting for Kubernetes.
* [dkron](https://github.com/distribworks/dkron): Distributed, fault tolerant job scheduling system.
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