package gorm_test import ( "database/sql" "database/sql/driver" "fmt" "os" "path/filepath" "reflect" "strconv" "testing" "time" "github.com/erikstmartin/go-testdb" "github.com/jinzhu/gorm" _ "github.com/jinzhu/gorm/dialects/mssql" _ "github.com/jinzhu/gorm/dialects/mysql" "github.com/jinzhu/gorm/dialects/postgres" _ "github.com/jinzhu/gorm/dialects/sqlite" "github.com/jinzhu/now" ) var ( DB *gorm.DB t1, t2, t3, t4, t5 time.Time ) func init() { var err error if DB, err = OpenTestConnection(); err != nil { panic(fmt.Sprintf("No error should happen when connecting to test database, but got err=%+v", err)) } runMigration() } func OpenTestConnection() (db *gorm.DB, err error) { switch os.Getenv("GORM_DIALECT") { case "mysql": // CREATE USER 'gorm'@'localhost' IDENTIFIED BY 'gorm'; // CREATE DATABASE gorm; // GRANT ALL ON gorm.* TO 'gorm'@'localhost'; fmt.Println("testing mysql...") dbhost := os.Getenv("GORM_DBADDRESS") if dbhost != "" { dbhost = fmt.Sprintf("tcp(%v)", dbhost) } db, err = gorm.Open("mysql", fmt.Sprintf("gorm:gorm@%v/gorm?charset=utf8&parseTime=True", dbhost)) case "postgres": fmt.Println("testing postgres...") dbhost := os.Getenv("GORM_DBHOST") if dbhost != "" { dbhost = fmt.Sprintf("host=%v ", dbhost) } db, err = gorm.Open("postgres", fmt.Sprintf("%vuser=gorm password=gorm DB.name=gorm sslmode=disable", dbhost)) case "foundation": fmt.Println("testing foundation...") db, err = gorm.Open("foundation", "dbname=gorm port=15432 sslmode=disable") case "mssql": fmt.Println("testing mssql...") db, err = gorm.Open("mssql", "server=SERVER_HERE;database=rogue;user id=USER_HERE;password=PW_HERE;port=1433") default: fmt.Println("testing sqlite3...") db, err = gorm.Open("sqlite3", filepath.Join(os.TempDir(), "gorm.db")) } // db.SetLogger(Logger{log.New(os.Stdout, "\r\n", 0)}) // db.SetLogger(log.New(os.Stdout, "\r\n", 0)) if os.Getenv("DEBUG") == "true" { db.LogMode(true) } db.DB().SetMaxIdleConns(10) return } func TestStringPrimaryKey(t *testing.T) { type UUIDStruct struct { ID string `gorm:"primary_key"` Name string } DB.DropTable(&UUIDStruct{}) DB.AutoMigrate(&UUIDStruct{}) data := UUIDStruct{ID: "uuid", Name: "hello"} if err := DB.Save(&data).Error; err != nil || data.ID != "uuid" || data.Name != "hello" { t.Errorf("string primary key should not be populated") } data = UUIDStruct{ID: "uuid", Name: "hello world"} if err := DB.Save(&data).Error; err != nil || data.ID != "uuid" || data.Name != "hello world" { t.Errorf("string primary key should not be populated") } } func TestExceptionsWithInvalidSql(t *testing.T) { var columns []string if DB.Where("sdsd.zaaa = ?", "sd;;;aa").Pluck("aaa", &columns).Error == nil { t.Errorf("Should got error with invalid SQL") } if DB.Model(&User{}).Where("sdsd.zaaa = ?", "sd;;;aa").Pluck("aaa", &columns).Error == nil { t.Errorf("Should got error with invalid SQL") } if DB.Where("sdsd.zaaa = ?", "sd;;;aa").Find(&User{}).Error == nil { t.Errorf("Should got error with invalid SQL") } var count1, count2 int64 DB.Model(&User{}).Count(&count1) if count1 <= 0 { t.Errorf("Should find some users") } if DB.Where("name = ?", "jinzhu; delete * from users").First(&User{}).Error == nil { t.Errorf("Should got error with invalid SQL") } DB.Model(&User{}).Count(&count2) if count1 != count2 { t.Errorf("No user should not be deleted by invalid SQL") } } func TestSetTable(t *testing.T) { DB.Create(getPreparedUser("pluck_user1", "pluck_user")) DB.Create(getPreparedUser("pluck_user2", "pluck_user")) DB.Create(getPreparedUser("pluck_user3", "pluck_user")) if err := DB.Table("users").Where("role = ?", "pluck_user").Pluck("age", &[]int{}).Error; err != nil { t.Error("No errors should happen if set table for pluck", err) } var users []User if DB.Table("users").Find(&[]User{}).Error != nil { t.Errorf("No errors should happen if set table for find") } if DB.Table("invalid_table").Find(&users).Error == nil { t.Errorf("Should got error when table is set to an invalid table") } DB.Exec("drop table deleted_users;") if DB.Table("deleted_users").CreateTable(&User{}).Error != nil { t.Errorf("Create table with specified table") } DB.Table("deleted_users").Save(&User{Name: "DeletedUser"}) var deletedUsers []User DB.Table("deleted_users").Find(&deletedUsers) if len(deletedUsers) != 1 { t.Errorf("Query from specified table") } DB.Save(getPreparedUser("normal_user", "reset_table")) DB.Table("deleted_users").Save(getPreparedUser("deleted_user", "reset_table")) var user1, user2, user3 User DB.Where("role = ?", "reset_table").First(&user1).Table("deleted_users").First(&user2).Table("").First(&user3) if (user1.Name != "normal_user") || (user2.Name != "deleted_user") || (user3.Name != "normal_user") { t.Errorf("unset specified table with blank string") } } type Order struct { } type Cart struct { } func (c Cart) TableName() string { return "shopping_cart" } func TestHasTable(t *testing.T) { type Foo struct { Id int Stuff string } DB.DropTable(&Foo{}) // Table should not exist at this point, HasTable should return false if ok := DB.HasTable("foos"); ok { t.Errorf("Table should not exist, but does") } if ok := DB.HasTable(&Foo{}); ok { t.Errorf("Table should not exist, but does") } // We create the table if err := DB.CreateTable(&Foo{}).Error; err != nil { t.Errorf("Table should be created") } // And now it should exits, and HasTable should return true if ok := DB.HasTable("foos"); !ok { t.Errorf("Table should exist, but HasTable informs it does not") } if ok := DB.HasTable(&Foo{}); !ok { t.Errorf("Table should exist, but HasTable informs it does not") } } func TestTableName(t *testing.T) { DB := DB.Model("") if DB.NewScope(Order{}).TableName() != "orders" { t.Errorf("Order's table name should be orders") } if DB.NewScope(&Order{}).TableName() != "orders" { t.Errorf("&Order's table name should be orders") } if DB.NewScope([]Order{}).TableName() != "orders" { t.Errorf("[]Order's table name should be orders") } if DB.NewScope(&[]Order{}).TableName() != "orders" { t.Errorf("&[]Order's table name should be orders") } DB.SingularTable(true) if DB.NewScope(Order{}).TableName() != "order" { t.Errorf("Order's singular table name should be order") } if DB.NewScope(&Order{}).TableName() != "order" { t.Errorf("&Order's singular table name should be order") } if DB.NewScope([]Order{}).TableName() != "order" { t.Errorf("[]Order's singular table name should be order") } if DB.NewScope(&[]Order{}).TableName() != "order" { t.Errorf("&[]Order's singular table name should be order") } if DB.NewScope(&Cart{}).TableName() != "shopping_cart" { t.Errorf("&Cart's singular table name should be shopping_cart") } if DB.NewScope(Cart{}).TableName() != "shopping_cart" { t.Errorf("Cart's singular table name should be shopping_cart") } if DB.NewScope(&[]Cart{}).TableName() != "shopping_cart" { t.Errorf("&[]Cart's singular table name should be shopping_cart") } if DB.NewScope([]Cart{}).TableName() != "shopping_cart" { t.Errorf("[]Cart's singular table name should be shopping_cart") } DB.SingularTable(false) } func TestNullValues(t *testing.T) { DB.DropTable(&NullValue{}) DB.AutoMigrate(&NullValue{}) if err := DB.Save(&NullValue{ Name: sql.NullString{String: "hello", Valid: true}, Gender: &sql.NullString{String: "M", Valid: true}, Age: sql.NullInt64{Int64: 18, Valid: true}, Male: sql.NullBool{Bool: true, Valid: true}, Height: sql.NullFloat64{Float64: 100.11, Valid: true}, AddedAt: NullTime{Time: time.Now(), Valid: true}, }).Error; err != nil { t.Errorf("Not error should raise when test null value") } var nv NullValue DB.First(&nv, "name = ?", "hello") if nv.Name.String != "hello" || nv.Gender.String != "M" || nv.Age.Int64 != 18 || nv.Male.Bool != true || nv.Height.Float64 != 100.11 || nv.AddedAt.Valid != true { t.Errorf("Should be able to fetch null value") } if err := DB.Save(&NullValue{ Name: sql.NullString{String: "hello-2", Valid: true}, Gender: &sql.NullString{String: "F", Valid: true}, Age: sql.NullInt64{Int64: 18, Valid: false}, Male: sql.NullBool{Bool: true, Valid: true}, Height: sql.NullFloat64{Float64: 100.11, Valid: true}, AddedAt: NullTime{Time: time.Now(), Valid: false}, }).Error; err != nil { t.Errorf("Not error should raise when test null value") } var nv2 NullValue DB.First(&nv2, "name = ?", "hello-2") if nv2.Name.String != "hello-2" || nv2.Gender.String != "F" || nv2.Age.Int64 != 0 || nv2.Male.Bool != true || nv2.Height.Float64 != 100.11 || nv2.AddedAt.Valid != false { t.Errorf("Should be able to fetch null value") } if err := DB.Save(&NullValue{ Name: sql.NullString{String: "hello-3", Valid: false}, Gender: &sql.NullString{String: "M", Valid: true}, Age: sql.NullInt64{Int64: 18, Valid: false}, Male: sql.NullBool{Bool: true, Valid: true}, Height: sql.NullFloat64{Float64: 100.11, Valid: true}, AddedAt: NullTime{Time: time.Now(), Valid: false}, }).Error; err == nil { t.Errorf("Can't save because of name can't be null") } } func TestNullValuesWithFirstOrCreate(t *testing.T) { var nv1 = NullValue{ Name: sql.NullString{String: "first_or_create", Valid: true}, Gender: &sql.NullString{String: "M", Valid: true}, } var nv2 NullValue if err := DB.Where(nv1).FirstOrCreate(&nv2).Error; err != nil { t.Errorf("Should not raise any error, but got %v", err) } if nv2.Name.String != "first_or_create" || nv2.Gender.String != "M" { t.Errorf("first or create with nullvalues") } if err := DB.Where(nv1).Assign(NullValue{Age: sql.NullInt64{Int64: 18, Valid: true}}).FirstOrCreate(&nv2).Error; err != nil { t.Errorf("Should not raise any error, but got %v", err) } if nv2.Age.Int64 != 18 { t.Errorf("should update age to 18") } } func TestTransaction(t *testing.T) { tx := DB.Begin() u := User{Name: "transcation"} if err := tx.Save(&u).Error; err != nil { t.Errorf("No error should raise") } if err := tx.First(&User{}, "name = ?", "transcation").Error; err != nil { t.Errorf("Should find saved record") } if sqlTx, ok := tx.CommonDB().(*sql.Tx); !ok || sqlTx == nil { t.Errorf("Should return the underlying sql.Tx") } tx.Rollback() if err := tx.First(&User{}, "name = ?", "transcation").Error; err == nil { t.Errorf("Should not find record after rollback") } tx2 := DB.Begin() u2 := User{Name: "transcation-2"} if err := tx2.Save(&u2).Error; err != nil { t.Errorf("No error should raise") } if err := tx2.First(&User{}, "name = ?", "transcation-2").Error; err != nil { t.Errorf("Should find saved record") } tx2.Commit() if err := DB.First(&User{}, "name = ?", "transcation-2").Error; err != nil { t.Errorf("Should be able to find committed record") } } func TestRow(t *testing.T) { user1 := User{Name: "RowUser1", Age: 1, Birthday: now.MustParse("2000-1-1")} user2 := User{Name: "RowUser2", Age: 10, Birthday: now.MustParse("2010-1-1")} user3 := User{Name: "RowUser3", Age: 20, Birthday: now.MustParse("2020-1-1")} DB.Save(&user1).Save(&user2).Save(&user3) row := DB.Table("users").Where("name = ?", user2.Name).Select("age").Row() var age int64 row.Scan(&age) if age != 10 { t.Errorf("Scan with Row") } } func TestRows(t *testing.T) { user1 := User{Name: "RowsUser1", Age: 1, Birthday: now.MustParse("2000-1-1")} user2 := User{Name: "RowsUser2", Age: 10, Birthday: now.MustParse("2010-1-1")} user3 := User{Name: "RowsUser3", Age: 20, Birthday: now.MustParse("2020-1-1")} DB.Save(&user1).Save(&user2).Save(&user3) rows, err := DB.Table("users").Where("name = ? or name = ?", user2.Name, user3.Name).Select("name, age").Rows() if err != nil { t.Errorf("Not error should happen, got %v", err) } count := 0 for rows.Next() { var name string var age int64 rows.Scan(&name, &age) count++ } if count != 2 { t.Errorf("Should found two records") } } func TestScanRows(t *testing.T) { user1 := User{Name: "ScanRowsUser1", Age: 1, Birthday: now.MustParse("2000-1-1")} user2 := User{Name: "ScanRowsUser2", Age: 10, Birthday: now.MustParse("2010-1-1")} user3 := User{Name: "ScanRowsUser3", Age: 20, Birthday: now.MustParse("2020-1-1")} DB.Save(&user1).Save(&user2).Save(&user3) rows, err := DB.Table("users").Where("name = ? or name = ?", user2.Name, user3.Name).Select("name, age").Rows() if err != nil { t.Errorf("Not error should happen, got %v", err) } type Result struct { Name string Age int } var results []Result for rows.Next() { var result Result if err := DB.ScanRows(rows, &result); err != nil { t.Errorf("should get no error, but got %v", err) } results = append(results, result) } if !reflect.DeepEqual(results, []Result{{Name: "ScanRowsUser2", Age: 10}, {Name: "ScanRowsUser3", Age: 20}}) { t.Errorf("Should find expected results") } } func TestScan(t *testing.T) { user1 := User{Name: "ScanUser1", Age: 1, Birthday: now.MustParse("2000-1-1")} user2 := User{Name: "ScanUser2", Age: 10, Birthday: now.MustParse("2010-1-1")} user3 := User{Name: "ScanUser3", Age: 20, Birthday: now.MustParse("2020-1-1")} DB.Save(&user1).Save(&user2).Save(&user3) type result struct { Name string Age int } var res result DB.Table("users").Select("name, age").Where("name = ?", user3.Name).Scan(&res) if res.Name != user3.Name { t.Errorf("Scan into struct should work") } var doubleAgeRes result DB.Table("users").Select("age + age as age").Where("name = ?", user3.Name).Scan(&doubleAgeRes) if doubleAgeRes.Age != res.Age*2 { t.Errorf("Scan double age as age") } var ress []result DB.Table("users").Select("name, age").Where("name in (?)", []string{user2.Name, user3.Name}).Scan(&ress) if len(ress) != 2 || ress[0].Name != user2.Name || ress[1].Name != user3.Name { t.Errorf("Scan into struct map") } } func TestRaw(t *testing.T) { user1 := User{Name: "ExecRawSqlUser1", Age: 1, Birthday: now.MustParse("2000-1-1")} user2 := User{Name: "ExecRawSqlUser2", Age: 10, Birthday: now.MustParse("2010-1-1")} user3 := User{Name: "ExecRawSqlUser3", Age: 20, Birthday: now.MustParse("2020-1-1")} DB.Save(&user1).Save(&user2).Save(&user3) type result struct { Name string Email string } var ress []result DB.Raw("SELECT name, age FROM users WHERE name = ? or name = ?", user2.Name, user3.Name).Scan(&ress) if len(ress) != 2 || ress[0].Name != user2.Name || ress[1].Name != user3.Name { t.Errorf("Raw with scan") } rows, _ := DB.Raw("select name, age from users where name = ?", user3.Name).Rows() count := 0 for rows.Next() { count++ } if count != 1 { t.Errorf("Raw with Rows should find one record with name 3") } DB.Exec("update users set name=? where name in (?)", "jinzhu", []string{user1.Name, user2.Name, user3.Name}) if DB.Where("name in (?)", []string{user1.Name, user2.Name, user3.Name}).First(&User{}).Error != gorm.ErrRecordNotFound { t.Error("Raw sql to update records") } } func TestGroup(t *testing.T) { rows, err := DB.Select("name").Table("users").Group("name").Rows() if err == nil { defer rows.Close() for rows.Next() { var name string rows.Scan(&name) } } else { t.Errorf("Should not raise any error") } } func TestJoins(t *testing.T) { var user = User{ Name: "joins", CreditCard: CreditCard{Number: "411111111111"}, Emails: []Email{{Email: "join1@example.com"}, {Email: "join2@example.com"}}, } DB.Save(&user) var users1 []User DB.Joins("left join emails on emails.user_id = users.id").Where("name = ?", "joins").Find(&users1) if len(users1) != 2 { t.Errorf("should find two users using left join") } var users2 []User DB.Joins("left join emails on emails.user_id = users.id AND emails.email = ?", "join1@example.com").Where("name = ?", "joins").First(&users2) if len(users2) != 1 { t.Errorf("should find one users using left join with conditions") } var users3 []User DB.Joins("join emails on emails.user_id = users.id AND emails.email = ?", "join1@example.com").Joins("join credit_cards on credit_cards.user_id = users.id AND credit_cards.number = ?", "411111111111").Where("name = ?", "joins").First(&users3) if len(users3) != 1 { t.Errorf("should find one users using multiple left join conditions") } var users4 []User DB.Joins("join emails on emails.user_id = users.id AND emails.email = ?", "join1@example.com").Joins("join credit_cards on credit_cards.user_id = users.id AND credit_cards.number = ?", "422222222222").Where("name = ?", "joins").First(&users4) if len(users4) != 0 { t.Errorf("should find no user when searching with unexisting credit card") } var users5 []User db5 := DB.Joins("join emails on emails.user_id = users.id AND emails.email = ?", "join1@example.com").Joins("join credit_cards on credit_cards.user_id = users.id AND credit_cards.number = ?", "411111111111").Where(User{Id: 1}).Where(Email{Id: 1}).Not(Email{Id: 10}).First(&users5) if db5.Error != nil { t.Errorf("Should not raise error for join where identical fields in different tables. Error: %s", db5.Error.Error()) } } func TestJoinsWithSelect(t *testing.T) { type result struct { Name string Email string } user := User{ Name: "joins_with_select", Emails: []Email{{Email: "join1@example.com"}, {Email: "join2@example.com"}}, } DB.Save(&user) var results []result DB.Table("users").Select("name, emails.email").Joins("left join emails on emails.user_id = users.id").Where("name = ?", "joins_with_select").Scan(&results) if len(results) != 2 || results[0].Email != "join1@example.com" || results[1].Email != "join2@example.com" { t.Errorf("Should find all two emails with Join select") } } func TestHaving(t *testing.T) { rows, err := DB.Select("name, count(*) as total").Table("users").Group("name").Having("name IN (?)", []string{"2", "3"}).Rows() if err == nil { defer rows.Close() for rows.Next() { var name string var total int64 rows.Scan(&name, &total) if name == "2" && total != 1 { t.Errorf("Should have one user having name 2") } if name == "3" && total != 2 { t.Errorf("Should have two users having name 3") } } } else { t.Errorf("Should not raise any error") } } func DialectHasTzSupport() bool { // NB: mssql and FoundationDB do not support time zones. if dialect := os.Getenv("GORM_DIALECT"); dialect == "mssql" || dialect == "foundation" { return false } return true } func TestTimeWithZone(t *testing.T) { var format = "2006-01-02 15:04:05 -0700" var times []time.Time GMT8, _ := time.LoadLocation("Asia/Shanghai") times = append(times, time.Date(2013, 02, 19, 1, 51, 49, 123456789, GMT8)) times = append(times, time.Date(2013, 02, 18, 17, 51, 49, 123456789, time.UTC)) for index, vtime := range times { name := "time_with_zone_" + strconv.Itoa(index) user := User{Name: name, Birthday: vtime} if !DialectHasTzSupport() { // If our driver dialect doesn't support TZ's, just use UTC for everything here. user.Birthday = vtime.UTC() } DB.Save(&user) expectedBirthday := "2013-02-18 17:51:49 +0000" foundBirthday := user.Birthday.UTC().Format(format) if foundBirthday != expectedBirthday { t.Errorf("User's birthday should not be changed after save for name=%s, expected bday=%+v but actual value=%+v", name, expectedBirthday, foundBirthday) } var findUser, findUser2, findUser3 User DB.First(&findUser, "name = ?", name) foundBirthday = findUser.Birthday.UTC().Format(format) if foundBirthday != expectedBirthday { t.Errorf("User's birthday should not be changed after find for name=%s, expected bday=%+v but actual value=%+v", name, expectedBirthday, foundBirthday) } if DB.Where("id = ? AND birthday >= ?", findUser.Id, user.Birthday.Add(-time.Minute)).First(&findUser2).RecordNotFound() { t.Errorf("User should be found") } if !DB.Where("id = ? AND birthday >= ?", findUser.Id, user.Birthday.Add(time.Minute)).First(&findUser3).RecordNotFound() { t.Errorf("User should not be found") } } } func TestHstore(t *testing.T) { type Details struct { Id int64 Bulk postgres.Hstore } if dialect := os.Getenv("GORM_DIALECT"); dialect != "postgres" { t.Skip() } if err := DB.Exec("CREATE EXTENSION IF NOT EXISTS hstore").Error; err != nil { fmt.Println("\033[31mHINT: Must be superuser to create hstore extension (ALTER USER gorm WITH SUPERUSER;)\033[0m") panic(fmt.Sprintf("No error should happen when create hstore extension, but got %+v", err)) } DB.Exec("drop table details") if err := DB.CreateTable(&Details{}).Error; err != nil { panic(fmt.Sprintf("No error should happen when create table, but got %+v", err)) } bankAccountId, phoneNumber, opinion := "123456", "14151321232", "sharkbait" bulk := map[string]*string{ "bankAccountId": &bankAccountId, "phoneNumber": &phoneNumber, "opinion": &opinion, } d := Details{Bulk: bulk} DB.Save(&d) var d2 Details if err := DB.First(&d2).Error; err != nil { t.Errorf("Got error when tried to fetch details: %+v", err) } for k := range bulk { if r, ok := d2.Bulk[k]; ok { if res, _ := bulk[k]; *res != *r { t.Errorf("Details should be equal") } } else { t.Errorf("Details should be existed") } } } func TestSetAndGet(t *testing.T) { if value, ok := DB.Set("hello", "world").Get("hello"); !ok { t.Errorf("Should be able to get setting after set") } else { if value.(string) != "world" { t.Errorf("Setted value should not be changed") } } if _, ok := DB.Get("non_existing"); ok { t.Errorf("Get non existing key should return error") } } func TestCompatibilityMode(t *testing.T) { DB, _ := gorm.Open("testdb", "") testdb.SetQueryFunc(func(query string) (driver.Rows, error) { columns := []string{"id", "name", "age"} result := ` 1,Tim,20 2,Joe,25 3,Bob,30 ` return testdb.RowsFromCSVString(columns, result), nil }) var users []User DB.Find(&users) if (users[0].Name != "Tim") || len(users) != 3 { t.Errorf("Unexcepted result returned") } } func TestOpenExistingDB(t *testing.T) { DB.Save(&User{Name: "jnfeinstein"}) dialect := os.Getenv("GORM_DIALECT") db, err := gorm.Open(dialect, DB.DB()) if err != nil { t.Errorf("Should have wrapped the existing DB connection") } var user User if db.Where("name = ?", "jnfeinstein").First(&user).Error == gorm.ErrRecordNotFound { t.Errorf("Should have found existing record") } } func TestDdlErrors(t *testing.T) { var err error if err = DB.Close(); err != nil { t.Errorf("Closing DDL test db connection err=%s", err) } defer func() { // Reopen DB connection. if DB, err = OpenTestConnection(); err != nil { t.Fatalf("Failed re-opening db connection: %s", err) } }() if err := DB.Find(&User{}).Error; err == nil { t.Errorf("Expected operation on closed db to produce an error, but err was nil") } } func TestOpenWithOneParameter(t *testing.T) { db, err := gorm.Open("dialect") if db != nil { t.Error("Open with one parameter returned non nil for db") } if err == nil { t.Error("Open with one parameter returned err as nil") } } func BenchmarkGorm(b *testing.B) { b.N = 2000 for x := 0; x < b.N; x++ { e := strconv.Itoa(x) + "benchmark@example.org" email := BigEmail{Email: e, UserAgent: "pc", RegisteredAt: time.Now()} // Insert DB.Save(&email) // Query DB.First(&BigEmail{}, "email = ?", e) // Update DB.Model(&email).UpdateColumn("email", "new-"+e) // Delete DB.Delete(&email) } } func BenchmarkRawSql(b *testing.B) { DB, _ := sql.Open("postgres", "user=gorm DB.ame=gorm sslmode=disable") DB.SetMaxIdleConns(10) insertSql := "INSERT INTO emails (user_id,email,user_agent,registered_at,created_at,updated_at) VALUES ($1,$2,$3,$4,$5,$6) RETURNING id" querySql := "SELECT * FROM emails WHERE email = $1 ORDER BY id LIMIT 1" updateSql := "UPDATE emails SET email = $1, updated_at = $2 WHERE id = $3" deleteSql := "DELETE FROM orders WHERE id = $1" b.N = 2000 for x := 0; x < b.N; x++ { var id int64 e := strconv.Itoa(x) + "benchmark@example.org" email := BigEmail{Email: e, UserAgent: "pc", RegisteredAt: time.Now()} // Insert DB.QueryRow(insertSql, email.UserId, email.Email, email.UserAgent, email.RegisteredAt, time.Now(), time.Now()).Scan(&id) // Query rows, _ := DB.Query(querySql, email.Email) rows.Close() // Update DB.Exec(updateSql, "new-"+e, time.Now(), id) // Delete DB.Exec(deleteSql, id) } }