diff --git a/callbacks/associations.go b/callbacks/associations.go
index 6d976eac..8cc96029 100644
--- a/callbacks/associations.go
+++ b/callbacks/associations.go
@@ -10,41 +10,75 @@ import (
 
 func SaveBeforeAssociations(db *gorm.DB) {
 	if db.Statement.Schema != nil {
+		selectColumns, restricted := SelectAndOmitColumns(db.Statement, true, false)
+
 		// Save Belongs To associations
 		for _, rel := range db.Statement.Schema.Relationships.BelongsTo {
-			creatable, updatable, saveRef := saveAssociationCheck(db, rel.Field)
-			if !(creatable || updatable) {
+			if !saveAssociationCheck(db, rel, selectColumns, restricted) {
 				continue
 			}
 
 			switch db.Statement.ReflectValue.Kind() {
 			case reflect.Slice:
+				var (
+					objs      []reflect.Value
+					fieldType = rel.Field.FieldType
+					isPtr     = fieldType.Kind() == reflect.Ptr
+				)
+
+				if !isPtr {
+					fieldType = reflect.PtrTo(fieldType)
+				}
+
+				elems := reflect.MakeSlice(reflect.SliceOf(fieldType), 0, 0)
+				for i := 0; i < db.Statement.ReflectValue.Len(); i++ {
+					obj := db.Statement.ReflectValue.Index(i)
+					if _, zero := rel.Field.ValueOf(obj); !zero { // check belongs to relation value
+						rv := rel.Field.ReflectValueOf(obj) // relation reflect value
+						if _, isZero := rel.FieldSchema.PrioritizedPrimaryField.ValueOf(rv); isZero {
+							objs = append(objs, obj)
+							if isPtr {
+								elems = reflect.Append(elems, rv)
+							} else {
+								elems = reflect.Append(elems, rv.Addr())
+							}
+						} else {
+							for _, ref := range rel.References {
+								if !ref.OwnPrimaryKey {
+									pv, _ := ref.PrimaryKey.ValueOf(rv)
+									ref.ForeignKey.Set(objs[i], pv)
+								}
+							}
+						}
+					}
+				}
+
+				if elems.Len() > 0 {
+					if db.AddError(db.Session(&gorm.Session{}).Create(elems.Interface()).Error) == nil {
+						for i := 0; i < elems.Len(); i++ {
+							for _, ref := range rel.References {
+								if !ref.OwnPrimaryKey {
+									pv, _ := ref.PrimaryKey.ValueOf(elems.Index(i))
+									ref.ForeignKey.Set(objs[i], pv)
+								}
+							}
+						}
+					}
+				}
 			case reflect.Struct:
 				if _, zero := rel.Field.ValueOf(db.Statement.ReflectValue); !zero {
-					f := rel.Field.ReflectValueOf(db.Statement.ReflectValue)
-					_, isZero := rel.FieldSchema.PrioritizedPrimaryField.ValueOf(f)
-
-					if isZero && creatable {
-						if f.Kind() == reflect.Ptr {
-							db.Session(&gorm.Session{}).Create(f.Interface())
+					rv := rel.Field.ReflectValueOf(db.Statement.ReflectValue) // relation reflect value
+					if _, isZero := rel.FieldSchema.PrioritizedPrimaryField.ValueOf(rv); isZero {
+						if rv.Kind() == reflect.Ptr {
+							db.Session(&gorm.Session{}).Create(rv.Interface())
 						} else {
-							db.Session(&gorm.Session{}).Create(f.Addr().Interface())
+							db.Session(&gorm.Session{}).Create(rv.Addr().Interface())
 						}
-					} else if !isZero && updatable {
-						if f.Kind() == reflect.Ptr {
-							db.Session(&gorm.Session{}).Save(f.Interface())
-						} else {
-							db.Session(&gorm.Session{}).Save(f.Addr().Interface())
-						}
-					} else {
-						continue
-					}
 
-					if saveRef {
 						for _, ref := range rel.References {
 							if !ref.OwnPrimaryKey {
-								fv, _ := ref.PrimaryKey.ValueOf(f)
-								ref.ForeignKey.Set(db.Statement.ReflectValue, fv)
+								pv, _ := ref.PrimaryKey.ValueOf(rv)
+								ref.ForeignKey.Set(db.Statement.ReflectValue, pv)
 							}
 						}
 					}
@@ -55,20 +89,58 @@ func SaveBeforeAssociations(db *gorm.DB) {
 }
 
 func SaveAfterAssociations(db *gorm.DB) {
-	// Save Has One associations
-	for _, rel := range db.Statement.Schema.Relationships.HasOne {
-		creatable, updatable, saveRef := saveAssociationCheck(db, rel.Field)
-		if !(creatable || updatable) {
-			continue
-		}
+	if db.Statement.Schema != nil {
+		selectColumns, restricted := SelectAndOmitColumns(db.Statement, true, false)
 
-		switch db.Statement.ReflectValue.Kind() {
-		case reflect.Slice:
-		case reflect.Struct:
-			if _, zero := rel.Field.ValueOf(db.Statement.ReflectValue); !zero {
-				f := rel.Field.ReflectValueOf(db.Statement.ReflectValue)
+		// Save Has One associations
+		for _, rel := range db.Statement.Schema.Relationships.HasOne {
+			if !saveAssociationCheck(db, rel, selectColumns, restricted) {
+				continue
+			}
+
+			switch db.Statement.ReflectValue.Kind() {
+			case reflect.Slice:
+				var (
+					fieldType = rel.Field.FieldType
+					isPtr     = fieldType.Kind() == reflect.Ptr
+				)
+
+				if !isPtr {
+					fieldType = reflect.PtrTo(fieldType)
+				}
+
+				elems := reflect.MakeSlice(reflect.SliceOf(fieldType), 0, 0)
+
+				for i := 0; i < db.Statement.ReflectValue.Len(); i++ {
+					obj := db.Statement.ReflectValue.Index(i)
+					if rv, zero := rel.Field.ValueOf(obj); !zero {
+						rv := reflect.ValueOf(rv)
+						for _, ref := range rel.References {
+							if ref.OwnPrimaryKey {
+								fv, _ := ref.PrimaryKey.ValueOf(obj)
+								ref.ForeignKey.Set(rv, fv)
+							} else if ref.PrimaryValue != "" {
+								ref.ForeignKey.Set(rv, ref.PrimaryValue)
+							}
+						}
+
+						if _, isZero := rel.FieldSchema.PrioritizedPrimaryField.ValueOf(rv); isZero {
+							if isPtr {
+								elems = reflect.Append(elems, rv)
+							} else {
+								elems = reflect.Append(elems, rv.Addr())
+							}
+						}
+					}
+				}
+
+				if elems.Len() > 0 {
+					db.Session(&gorm.Session{}).Create(elems.Interface())
+				}
+			case reflect.Struct:
+				if _, zero := rel.Field.ValueOf(db.Statement.ReflectValue); !zero {
+					f := rel.Field.ReflectValueOf(db.Statement.ReflectValue)
 
-				if saveRef {
 					for _, ref := range rel.References {
 						if ref.OwnPrimaryKey {
 							fv, _ := ref.PrimaryKey.ValueOf(db.Statement.ReflectValue)
@@ -77,98 +149,134 @@ func SaveAfterAssociations(db *gorm.DB) {
 							ref.ForeignKey.Set(f, ref.PrimaryValue)
 						}
 					}
-				}
 
-				_, isZero := rel.FieldSchema.PrioritizedPrimaryField.ValueOf(f)
-
-				if isZero && creatable {
-					if f.Kind() == reflect.Ptr {
-						db.Session(&gorm.Session{}).Create(f.Interface())
-					} else {
-						db.Session(&gorm.Session{}).Create(f.Addr().Interface())
-					}
-				} else if !isZero && updatable {
-					if f.Kind() == reflect.Ptr {
-						db.Session(&gorm.Session{}).Save(f.Interface())
-					} else {
-						db.Session(&gorm.Session{}).Save(f.Addr().Interface())
-					}
-				} else {
-					continue
-				}
-			}
-		}
-	}
-
-	// Save Has Many associations
-	for _, rel := range db.Statement.Schema.Relationships.HasMany {
-		creatable, updatable, _ := saveAssociationCheck(db, rel.Field)
-		if !(creatable || updatable) {
-			continue
-		}
-
-		fieldType := rel.Field.IndirectFieldType.Elem()
-		isPtr := true
-		if fieldType.Kind() != reflect.Ptr {
-			isPtr = false
-			fieldType = reflect.PtrTo(fieldType)
-		}
-		elems := reflect.MakeSlice(reflect.SliceOf(fieldType), 0, 0)
-
-		switch db.Statement.ReflectValue.Kind() {
-		case reflect.Slice:
-			for i := 0; i < db.Statement.ReflectValue.Len(); i++ {
-				db.Statement.ReflectValue.Index(i)
-			}
-		case reflect.Struct:
-			if _, zero := rel.Field.ValueOf(db.Statement.ReflectValue); !zero {
-				f := reflect.Indirect(rel.Field.ReflectValueOf(db.Statement.ReflectValue))
-
-				for i := 0; i < f.Len(); i++ {
-					elem := f.Index(i)
-					_, isZero := rel.FieldSchema.PrioritizedPrimaryField.ValueOf(elem)
-					for _, ref := range rel.References {
-						if ref.OwnPrimaryKey {
-							fv, _ := ref.PrimaryKey.ValueOf(db.Statement.ReflectValue)
-							ref.ForeignKey.Set(elem, fv)
-						} else if ref.PrimaryValue != "" {
-							ref.ForeignKey.Set(elem, ref.PrimaryValue)
-						}
-					}
-
-					if isZero && creatable {
-						if isPtr {
-							elems = reflect.Append(elems, elem)
+					if _, isZero := rel.FieldSchema.PrioritizedPrimaryField.ValueOf(f); isZero {
+						if f.Kind() == reflect.Ptr {
+							db.Session(&gorm.Session{}).Create(f.Interface())
 						} else {
-							elems = reflect.Append(elems, elem.Addr())
+							db.Session(&gorm.Session{}).Create(f.Addr().Interface())
 						}
 					}
 				}
 			}
 		}
 
-		if elems.Len() > 0 {
-			db.Session(&gorm.Session{}).Create(elems.Interface())
+		// Save Has Many associations
+		for _, rel := range db.Statement.Schema.Relationships.HasMany {
+			if !saveAssociationCheck(db, rel, selectColumns, restricted) {
+				continue
+			}
+
+			fieldType := rel.Field.IndirectFieldType.Elem()
+			isPtr := true
+			if fieldType.Kind() != reflect.Ptr {
+				isPtr = false
+				fieldType = reflect.PtrTo(fieldType)
+			}
+			elems := reflect.MakeSlice(reflect.SliceOf(fieldType), 0, 0)
+			appendToElems := func(v reflect.Value) {
+				if _, zero := rel.Field.ValueOf(v); !zero {
+					f := reflect.Indirect(rel.Field.ReflectValueOf(v))
+
+					for i := 0; i < f.Len(); i++ {
+						elem := f.Index(i)
+						for _, ref := range rel.References {
+							if ref.OwnPrimaryKey {
+								pv, _ := ref.PrimaryKey.ValueOf(v)
+								ref.ForeignKey.Set(elem, pv)
+							} else if ref.PrimaryValue != "" {
+								ref.ForeignKey.Set(elem, ref.PrimaryValue)
+							}
+						}
+
+						if _, isZero := rel.FieldSchema.PrioritizedPrimaryField.ValueOf(elem); isZero {
+							if isPtr {
+								elems = reflect.Append(elems, elem)
+							} else {
+								elems = reflect.Append(elems, elem.Addr())
+							}
+						}
+					}
+				}
+			}
+
+			switch db.Statement.ReflectValue.Kind() {
+			case reflect.Slice:
+				for i := 0; i < db.Statement.ReflectValue.Len(); i++ {
+					appendToElems(db.Statement.ReflectValue.Index(i))
+				}
+			case reflect.Struct:
+				appendToElems(db.Statement.ReflectValue)
+			}
+
+			if elems.Len() > 0 {
+				db.Session(&gorm.Session{}).Create(elems.Interface())
+			}
+		}
+
+		// Save Many2Many associations
+		for _, rel := range db.Statement.Schema.Relationships.Many2Many {
+			if !saveAssociationCheck(db, rel, selectColumns, restricted) {
+				continue
+			}
+
+			fieldType := rel.Field.IndirectFieldType.Elem()
+			isPtr := true
+			if fieldType.Kind() != reflect.Ptr {
+				isPtr = false
+				fieldType = reflect.PtrTo(fieldType)
+			}
+			elems := reflect.MakeSlice(reflect.SliceOf(fieldType), 0, 0)
+
+			switch db.Statement.ReflectValue.Kind() {
+			case reflect.Slice:
+				for i := 0; i < db.Statement.ReflectValue.Len(); i++ {
+					db.Statement.ReflectValue.Index(i)
+				}
+			case reflect.Struct:
+				if _, zero := rel.Field.ValueOf(db.Statement.ReflectValue); !zero {
+					f := reflect.Indirect(rel.Field.ReflectValueOf(db.Statement.ReflectValue))
+
+					for i := 0; i < f.Len(); i++ {
+						elem := f.Index(i)
+						for _, ref := range rel.References {
+							if ref.OwnPrimaryKey {
+								fv, _ := ref.PrimaryKey.ValueOf(db.Statement.ReflectValue)
+								ref.ForeignKey.Set(elem, fv)
+							} else if ref.PrimaryValue != "" {
+								ref.ForeignKey.Set(elem, ref.PrimaryValue)
+							}
+						}
+
+						if _, isZero := rel.FieldSchema.PrioritizedPrimaryField.ValueOf(elem); isZero {
+							if isPtr {
+								elems = reflect.Append(elems, elem)
+							} else {
+								elems = reflect.Append(elems, elem.Addr())
+							}
+						}
+					}
+				}
+			}
+
+			if elems.Len() > 0 {
+				db.Session(&gorm.Session{}).Create(elems.Interface())
+			}
 		}
 	}
 }
 
-func saveAssociationCheck(db *gorm.DB, field *schema.Field) (bool, bool, bool) {
-	creatable := field.Creatable
-	updatable := field.Updatable
-	saveRef := true
-
-	if value, ok := db.Get("gorm:association_autocreate"); creatable && ok {
-		creatable = utils.CheckTruth(value)
+func saveAssociationCheck(db *gorm.DB, rel *schema.Relationship, selectColumns map[string]bool, restricted bool) bool {
+	savable := true
+	if value, ok := db.Get("gorm:save_association"); ok {
+		savable = utils.CheckTruth(value)
 	}
 
-	if value, ok := db.Get("gorm:association_autoupdate"); updatable && ok {
-		updatable = utils.CheckTruth(value)
+	if savable {
+		if v, ok := selectColumns[rel.Name]; (ok && v) || (!ok && !restricted) {
+			return true
+		}
 	}
 
-	if value, ok := db.Get("gorm:association_save_reference"); ok {
-		saveRef = utils.CheckTruth(value)
-	}
-
-	return creatable, updatable, saveRef
+	return false
 }
diff --git a/callbacks/helper.go b/callbacks/helper.go
index 8a69fbd1..092c9c37 100644
--- a/callbacks/helper.go
+++ b/callbacks/helper.go
@@ -37,11 +37,16 @@ func SelectAndOmitColumns(stmt *gorm.Statement, requireCreate, requireUpdate boo
 	}
 
 	if stmt.Schema != nil {
-		for _, field := range stmt.Schema.FieldsByDBName {
+		for _, field := range stmt.Schema.Fields {
+			name := field.DBName
+			if name == "" {
+				name = field.Name
+			}
+
 			if requireCreate && !field.Creatable {
-				results[field.DBName] = false
+				results[name] = false
 			} else if requireUpdate && !field.Updatable {
-				results[field.DBName] = false
+				results[name] = false
 			}
 		}
 	}
diff --git a/gorm.go b/gorm.go
index 2d78c8d9..f8c944af 100644
--- a/gorm.go
+++ b/gorm.go
@@ -161,12 +161,13 @@ func (db *DB) AutoMigrate(dst ...interface{}) error {
 }
 
 // AddError add error to db
-func (db *DB) AddError(err error) {
+func (db *DB) AddError(err error) error {
 	if db.Error == nil {
 		db.Error = err
 	} else if err != nil {
 		db.Error = fmt.Errorf("%v; %w", db.Error, err)
 	}
+	return db.Error
 }
 
 func (db *DB) getInstance() *DB {