diff --git a/encode_opcode.go b/encode_opcode.go
index e5717e0..cf3d013 100644
--- a/encode_opcode.go
+++ b/encode_opcode.go
@@ -131,7 +131,7 @@ func (c *opcode) totalLength() int {
 	var idx int
 	for code := c; code.op != opEnd; {
 		idx = int(code.idx / uintptrSize)
-		if code.op == opInterfaceEnd || code.op == opStructFieldRecursiveEnd {
+		if code.op == opStructFieldRecursiveEnd {
 			break
 		}
 		switch code.op.codeType() {
diff --git a/encode_vm.go b/encode_vm.go
index fe05b32..9ee6aba 100644
--- a/encode_vm.go
+++ b/encode_vm.go
@@ -207,65 +207,46 @@ func (e *Encoder) run(ctx *encodeRuntimeContext, b []byte, codeSet *opcodeSet) (
 				}
 			}
 			ctx.seenPtr = append(ctx.seenPtr, ptr)
-			v := e.ptrToInterface(code, ptr)
-			ctx.keepRefs = append(ctx.keepRefs, unsafe.Pointer(&v))
-			rv := reflect.ValueOf(v)
-			if rv.IsNil() {
+			iface := (*interfaceHeader)(e.ptrToUnsafePtr(ptr))
+			if iface == nil || iface.ptr == nil {
 				b = encodeNull(b)
 				b = encodeComma(b)
 				code = code.next
 				break
 			}
-			vv := rv.Interface()
-			header := (*interfaceHeader)(unsafe.Pointer(&vv))
-			if header.typ.Kind() == reflect.Ptr {
-				if rv.Elem().IsNil() {
-					b = encodeNull(b)
-					b = encodeComma(b)
-					code = code.next
-					break
-				}
-			}
-			c, err := e.compileHead(&encodeCompileContext{
-				typ:                      header.typ,
-				root:                     code.root,
-				indent:                   code.indent,
-				structTypeToCompiledCode: map[uintptr]*compiledCode{},
-			})
+			ctx.keepRefs = append(ctx.keepRefs, unsafe.Pointer(iface))
+			ifaceCodeSet, err := e.compileToGetCodeSet(uintptr(unsafe.Pointer(iface.typ)))
 			if err != nil {
 				return nil, err
 			}
-			beforeLastCode := c.beforeLastCode()
-			lastCode := beforeLastCode.next
-			lastCode.idx = beforeLastCode.idx + uintptrSize
-			totalLength := uintptr(code.totalLength())
-			nextTotalLength := uintptr(c.totalLength())
+
+			totalLength := uintptr(codeSet.codeLength)
+			nextTotalLength := uintptr(ifaceCodeSet.codeLength)
+
 			curlen := uintptr(len(ctx.ptrs))
 			offsetNum := ptrOffset / uintptrSize
-			oldOffset := ptrOffset
-			ptrOffset += totalLength * uintptrSize
 
 			newLen := offsetNum + totalLength + nextTotalLength
 			if curlen < newLen {
 				ctx.ptrs = append(ctx.ptrs, make([]uintptr, newLen-curlen)...)
 			}
-			ctxptr = ctx.ptr() + ptrOffset // assign new ctxptr
+			oldPtrs := ctx.ptrs
 
-			store(ctxptr, 0, uintptr(header.ptr))
-			store(ctxptr, lastCode.idx, oldOffset)
+			newPtrs := ctx.ptrs[(ptrOffset+totalLength*uintptrSize)/uintptrSize:]
+			newPtrs[0] = uintptr(iface.ptr)
 
-			// link lastCode ( opInterfaceEnd ) => code.next
-			lastCode.op = opInterfaceEnd
-			lastCode.next = code.next
+			ctx.ptrs = newPtrs
 
-			code = c
-			recursiveLevel++
-		case opInterfaceEnd:
-			recursiveLevel--
-			// restore ctxptr
-			offset := load(ctxptr, code.idx)
-			ctxptr = ctx.ptr() + offset
-			ptrOffset = offset
+			bb, err := e.runEscaped(ctx, b, ifaceCodeSet)
+			if err != nil {
+				return nil, err
+			}
+
+			ctx.ptrs = oldPtrs
+			ctxptr = ctx.ptr()
+			ctx.seenPtr = ctx.seenPtr[:len(ctx.seenPtr)-1]
+
+			b = bb
 			code = code.next
 		case opMarshalJSON:
 			ptr := load(ctxptr, code.idx)
diff --git a/encode_vm_escaped_indent.go b/encode_vm_escaped_indent.go
index 2cfd745..bc0116c 100644
--- a/encode_vm_escaped_indent.go
+++ b/encode_vm_escaped_indent.go
@@ -12,8 +12,6 @@ import (
 )
 
 func (e *Encoder) runEscapedIndent(ctx *encodeRuntimeContext, b []byte, codeSet *opcodeSet) ([]byte, error) {
-	recursiveLevel := 0
-	var seenPtr map[uintptr]struct{}
 	ptrOffset := uintptr(0)
 	ctxptr := ctx.ptr()
 	code := codeSet.code
@@ -164,83 +162,52 @@ func (e *Encoder) runEscapedIndent(ctx *encodeRuntimeContext, b []byte, codeSet
 				code = code.next
 				break
 			}
-			if seenPtr == nil {
-				seenPtr = map[uintptr]struct{}{}
+			for _, seen := range ctx.seenPtr {
+				if ptr == seen {
+					return nil, errUnsupportedValue(code, ptr)
+				}
 			}
-			if _, exists := seenPtr[ptr]; exists {
-				return nil, errUnsupportedValue(code, ptr)
-			}
-			seenPtr[ptr] = struct{}{}
-			v := e.ptrToInterface(code, ptr)
-			ctx.keepRefs = append(ctx.keepRefs, unsafe.Pointer(&v))
-			rv := reflect.ValueOf(v)
-			if rv.IsNil() {
+			ctx.seenPtr = append(ctx.seenPtr, ptr)
+			iface := (*interfaceHeader)(e.ptrToUnsafePtr(ptr))
+			if iface == nil || iface.ptr == nil {
 				b = encodeNull(b)
 				b = encodeIndentComma(b)
 				code = code.next
 				break
 			}
-			vv := rv.Interface()
-			header := (*interfaceHeader)(unsafe.Pointer(&vv))
-			typ := header.typ
-			if typ.Kind() == reflect.Ptr {
-				typ = typ.Elem()
+			ctx.keepRefs = append(ctx.keepRefs, unsafe.Pointer(iface))
+			ifaceCodeSet, err := e.compileToGetCodeSet(uintptr(unsafe.Pointer(iface.typ)))
+			if err != nil {
+				return nil, err
 			}
-			var c *opcode
-			if typ.Kind() == reflect.Map {
-				code, err := e.compileMap(&encodeCompileContext{
-					typ:                      typ,
-					root:                     code.root,
-					indent:                   code.indent,
-					structTypeToCompiledCode: map[uintptr]*compiledCode{},
-				}, false)
-				if err != nil {
-					return nil, err
-				}
-				c = code
-			} else {
-				code, err := e.compile(&encodeCompileContext{
-					typ:                      typ,
-					root:                     code.root,
-					indent:                   code.indent,
-					structTypeToCompiledCode: map[uintptr]*compiledCode{},
-				})
-				if err != nil {
-					return nil, err
-				}
-				c = code
-			}
-			beforeLastCode := c.beforeLastCode()
-			lastCode := beforeLastCode.next
-			lastCode.idx = beforeLastCode.idx + uintptrSize
-			totalLength := uintptr(code.totalLength())
-			nextTotalLength := uintptr(c.totalLength())
+
+			totalLength := uintptr(codeSet.codeLength)
+			nextTotalLength := uintptr(ifaceCodeSet.codeLength)
+
 			curlen := uintptr(len(ctx.ptrs))
 			offsetNum := ptrOffset / uintptrSize
-			oldOffset := ptrOffset
-			ptrOffset += totalLength * uintptrSize
 
 			newLen := offsetNum + totalLength + nextTotalLength
 			if curlen < newLen {
 				ctx.ptrs = append(ctx.ptrs, make([]uintptr, newLen-curlen)...)
 			}
-			ctxptr = ctx.ptr() + ptrOffset // assign new ctxptr
+			oldPtrs := ctx.ptrs
 
-			store(ctxptr, 0, uintptr(header.ptr))
-			store(ctxptr, lastCode.idx, oldOffset)
+			newPtrs := ctx.ptrs[(ptrOffset+totalLength*uintptrSize)/uintptrSize:]
+			newPtrs[0] = uintptr(iface.ptr)
 
-			// link lastCode ( opInterfaceEnd ) => code.next
-			lastCode.op = opInterfaceEnd
-			lastCode.next = code.next
+			ctx.ptrs = newPtrs
 
-			code = c
-			recursiveLevel++
-		case opInterfaceEnd:
-			recursiveLevel--
-			// restore ctxptr
-			offset := load(ctxptr, code.idx)
-			ctxptr = ctx.ptr() + offset
-			ptrOffset = offset
+			bb, err := e.runEscaped(ctx, b, ifaceCodeSet)
+			if err != nil {
+				return nil, err
+			}
+
+			ctx.ptrs = oldPtrs
+			ctxptr = ctx.ptr()
+			ctx.seenPtr = ctx.seenPtr[:len(ctx.seenPtr)-1]
+
+			b = bb
 			code = code.next
 		case opMarshalJSON:
 			ptr := load(ctxptr, code.idx)
diff --git a/encode_vm_indent.go b/encode_vm_indent.go
index 78a6379..9c2f03a 100644
--- a/encode_vm_indent.go
+++ b/encode_vm_indent.go
@@ -12,8 +12,6 @@ import (
 )
 
 func (e *Encoder) runIndent(ctx *encodeRuntimeContext, b []byte, codeSet *opcodeSet) ([]byte, error) {
-	recursiveLevel := 0
-	var seenPtr map[uintptr]struct{}
 	ptrOffset := uintptr(0)
 	ctxptr := ctx.ptr()
 	code := codeSet.code
@@ -164,83 +162,52 @@ func (e *Encoder) runIndent(ctx *encodeRuntimeContext, b []byte, codeSet *opcode
 				code = code.next
 				break
 			}
-			if seenPtr == nil {
-				seenPtr = map[uintptr]struct{}{}
+			for _, seen := range ctx.seenPtr {
+				if ptr == seen {
+					return nil, errUnsupportedValue(code, ptr)
+				}
 			}
-			if _, exists := seenPtr[ptr]; exists {
-				return nil, errUnsupportedValue(code, ptr)
-			}
-			seenPtr[ptr] = struct{}{}
-			v := e.ptrToInterface(code, ptr)
-			ctx.keepRefs = append(ctx.keepRefs, unsafe.Pointer(&v))
-			rv := reflect.ValueOf(v)
-			if rv.IsNil() {
+			ctx.seenPtr = append(ctx.seenPtr, ptr)
+			iface := (*interfaceHeader)(e.ptrToUnsafePtr(ptr))
+			if iface == nil || iface.ptr == nil {
 				b = encodeNull(b)
 				b = encodeIndentComma(b)
 				code = code.next
 				break
 			}
-			vv := rv.Interface()
-			header := (*interfaceHeader)(unsafe.Pointer(&vv))
-			typ := header.typ
-			if typ.Kind() == reflect.Ptr {
-				typ = typ.Elem()
+			ctx.keepRefs = append(ctx.keepRefs, unsafe.Pointer(iface))
+			ifaceCodeSet, err := e.compileToGetCodeSet(uintptr(unsafe.Pointer(iface.typ)))
+			if err != nil {
+				return nil, err
 			}
-			var c *opcode
-			if typ.Kind() == reflect.Map {
-				code, err := e.compileMap(&encodeCompileContext{
-					typ:                      typ,
-					root:                     code.root,
-					indent:                   code.indent,
-					structTypeToCompiledCode: map[uintptr]*compiledCode{},
-				}, false)
-				if err != nil {
-					return nil, err
-				}
-				c = code
-			} else {
-				code, err := e.compile(&encodeCompileContext{
-					typ:                      typ,
-					root:                     code.root,
-					indent:                   code.indent,
-					structTypeToCompiledCode: map[uintptr]*compiledCode{},
-				})
-				if err != nil {
-					return nil, err
-				}
-				c = code
-			}
-			beforeLastCode := c.beforeLastCode()
-			lastCode := beforeLastCode.next
-			lastCode.idx = beforeLastCode.idx + uintptrSize
-			totalLength := uintptr(code.totalLength())
-			nextTotalLength := uintptr(c.totalLength())
+
+			totalLength := uintptr(codeSet.codeLength)
+			nextTotalLength := uintptr(ifaceCodeSet.codeLength)
+
 			curlen := uintptr(len(ctx.ptrs))
 			offsetNum := ptrOffset / uintptrSize
-			oldOffset := ptrOffset
-			ptrOffset += totalLength * uintptrSize
 
 			newLen := offsetNum + totalLength + nextTotalLength
 			if curlen < newLen {
 				ctx.ptrs = append(ctx.ptrs, make([]uintptr, newLen-curlen)...)
 			}
-			ctxptr = ctx.ptr() + ptrOffset // assign new ctxptr
+			oldPtrs := ctx.ptrs
 
-			store(ctxptr, 0, uintptr(header.ptr))
-			store(ctxptr, lastCode.idx, oldOffset)
+			newPtrs := ctx.ptrs[(ptrOffset+totalLength*uintptrSize)/uintptrSize:]
+			newPtrs[0] = uintptr(iface.ptr)
 
-			// link lastCode ( opInterfaceEnd ) => code.next
-			lastCode.op = opInterfaceEnd
-			lastCode.next = code.next
+			ctx.ptrs = newPtrs
 
-			code = c
-			recursiveLevel++
-		case opInterfaceEnd:
-			recursiveLevel--
-			// restore ctxptr
-			offset := load(ctxptr, code.idx)
-			ctxptr = ctx.ptr() + offset
-			ptrOffset = offset
+			bb, err := e.runEscaped(ctx, b, ifaceCodeSet)
+			if err != nil {
+				return nil, err
+			}
+
+			ctx.ptrs = oldPtrs
+			ctxptr = ctx.ptr()
+			ctx.seenPtr = ctx.seenPtr[:len(ctx.seenPtr)-1]
+
+			b = bb
 			code = code.next
 		case opMarshalJSON:
 			ptr := load(ctxptr, code.idx)