Merge pull request #458 from prometheus/beorn7/registry

Wrappable registerers

prometheus/collector.go

@@ -81,6 +81,8 @@ type Collector interface {
 // it might even get registered as an unchecked Collecter (cf. the Register
 // method of the Registerer interface). Hence, only use this shortcut
 // implementation of Describe if you are certain to fulfill the contract.
+//
+// The Collector example demonstrates a use of DescribeByCollect.
 func DescribeByCollect(c Collector, descs chan<- *Desc) {
 	metrics := make(chan Metric)
 	go func() {

prometheus/example_clustermanager_test.go

@@ -17,18 +17,18 @@ import "github.com/prometheus/client_golang/prometheus"
 
 // ClusterManager is an example for a system that might have been built without
 // Prometheus in mind. It models a central manager of jobs running in a
-// cluster. To turn it into something that collects Prometheus metrics, we
+// cluster. Thus, we implement a custom Collector called
-// simply add the two methods required for the Collector interface.
+// ClusterManagerCollector, which collects information from a ClusterManager
+// using its provided methods and turns them into Prometheus Metrics for
+// collection.
 //
 // An additional challenge is that multiple instances of the ClusterManager are
 // run within the same binary, each in charge of a different zone. We need to
-// make use of ConstLabels to be able to register each ClusterManager instance
+// make use of wrapping Registerers to be able to register each
-// with Prometheus.
+// ClusterManagerCollector instance with Prometheus.
 type ClusterManager struct {
-	Zone         string
+	Zone string
-	OOMCountDesc *prometheus.Desc
+	// Contains many more fields not listed in this example.
-	RAMUsageDesc *prometheus.Desc
-	// ... many more fields
 }
 
 // ReallyExpensiveAssessmentOfTheSystemState is a mock for the data gathering a
@@ -50,10 +50,30 @@ func (c *ClusterManager) ReallyExpensiveAssessmentOfTheSystemState() (
 	return
 }
 
-// Describe simply sends the two Descs in the struct to the channel.
+// ClusterManagerCollector implements the Collector interface.
-func (c *ClusterManager) Describe(ch chan<- *prometheus.Desc) {
+type ClusterManagerCollector struct {
-	ch <- c.OOMCountDesc
+	ClusterManager *ClusterManager
-	ch <- c.RAMUsageDesc
+}
+
+// Descriptors used by the ClusterManagerCollector below.
+var (
+	oomCountDesc = prometheus.NewDesc(
+		"clustermanager_oom_crashes_total",
+		"Number of OOM crashes.",
+		[]string{"host"}, nil,
+	)
+	ramUsageDesc = prometheus.NewDesc(
+		"clustermanager_ram_usage_bytes",
+		"RAM usage as reported to the cluster manager.",
+		[]string{"host"}, nil,
+	)
+)
+
+// Describe is implemented with DescribeByCollect. That's possible because the
+// Collect method will always return the same two metrics with the same two
+// descriptors.
+func (cc ClusterManagerCollector) Describe(ch chan<- *prometheus.Desc) {
+	prometheus.DescribeByCollect(cc, ch)
 }
 
 // Collect first triggers the ReallyExpensiveAssessmentOfTheSystemState. Then it
@@ -61,11 +81,11 @@ func (c *ClusterManager) Describe(ch chan<- *prometheus.Desc) {
 //
 // Note that Collect could be called concurrently, so we depend on
 // ReallyExpensiveAssessmentOfTheSystemState to be concurrency-safe.
-func (c *ClusterManager) Collect(ch chan<- prometheus.Metric) {
+func (cc ClusterManagerCollector) Collect(ch chan<- prometheus.Metric) {
-	oomCountByHost, ramUsageByHost := c.ReallyExpensiveAssessmentOfTheSystemState()
+	oomCountByHost, ramUsageByHost := cc.ClusterManager.ReallyExpensiveAssessmentOfTheSystemState()
 	for host, oomCount := range oomCountByHost {
 		ch <- prometheus.MustNewConstMetric(
-			c.OOMCountDesc,
+			oomCountDesc,
 			prometheus.CounterValue,
 			float64(oomCount),
 			host,
@@ -73,7 +93,7 @@ func (c *ClusterManager) Collect(ch chan<- prometheus.Metric) {
 	}
 	for host, ramUsage := range ramUsageByHost {
 		ch <- prometheus.MustNewConstMetric(
-			c.RAMUsageDesc,
+			ramUsageDesc,
 			prometheus.GaugeValue,
 			ramUsage,
 			host,
@@ -81,38 +101,27 @@ func (c *ClusterManager) Collect(ch chan<- prometheus.Metric) {
 	}
 }
 
-// NewClusterManager creates the two Descs OOMCountDesc and RAMUsageDesc. Note
+// NewClusterManager first creates a Prometheus-ignorant ClusterManager
-// that the zone is set as a ConstLabel. (It's different in each instance of the
+// instance. Then, it creates a ClusterManagerCollector for the just created
-// ClusterManager, but constant over the lifetime of an instance.) Then there is
+// ClusterManager. Finally, it registers the ClusterManagerCollector with a
-// a variable label "host", since we want to partition the collected metrics by
+// wrapping Registerer that adds the zone as a label. In this way, the metrics
-// host. Since all Descs created in this way are consistent across instances,
+// collected by different ClusterManagerCollectors do not collide.
-// with a guaranteed distinction by the "zone" label, we can register different
+func NewClusterManager(zone string, reg prometheus.Registerer) *ClusterManager {
-// ClusterManager instances with the same registry.
+	c := &ClusterManager{
-func NewClusterManager(zone string) *ClusterManager {
-	return &ClusterManager{
 		Zone: zone,
-		OOMCountDesc: prometheus.NewDesc(
-			"clustermanager_oom_crashes_total",
-			"Number of OOM crashes.",
-			[]string{"host"},
-			prometheus.Labels{"zone": zone},
-		),
-		RAMUsageDesc: prometheus.NewDesc(
-			"clustermanager_ram_usage_bytes",
-			"RAM usage as reported to the cluster manager.",
-			[]string{"host"},
-			prometheus.Labels{"zone": zone},
-		),
 	}
+	cc := ClusterManagerCollector{ClusterManager: c}
+	prometheus.WrapRegistererWith(prometheus.Labels{"zone": zone}, reg).MustRegister(cc)
+	return c
 }
 
 func ExampleCollector() {
-	workerDB := NewClusterManager("db")
-	workerCA := NewClusterManager("ca")
-
 	// Since we are dealing with custom Collector implementations, it might
 	// be a good idea to try it out with a pedantic registry.
 	reg := prometheus.NewPedanticRegistry()
-	reg.MustRegister(workerDB)
+
-	reg.MustRegister(workerCA)
+	// Construct cluster managers. In real code, we would assign them to
+	// variables to then do something with them.
+	NewClusterManager("db", reg)
+	NewClusterManager("ca", reg)
 }

prometheus/metric.go

@@ -17,7 +17,7 @@ import (
 	"strings"
 	"time"
 
-	"github.com/gogo/protobuf/proto"
+	"github.com/golang/protobuf/proto"
 
 	dto "github.com/prometheus/client_model/go"
 )

prometheus/registry.go

@@ -539,6 +539,11 @@ func processMetric(
 	registeredDescIDs map[uint64]struct{},
 ) error {
 	desc := metric.Desc()
+	// Wrapped metrics collected by an unchecked Collector can have an
+	// invalid Desc.
+	if desc.err != nil {
+		return desc.err
+	}
 	dtoMetric := &dto.Metric{}
 	if err := metric.Write(dtoMetric); err != nil {
 		return fmt.Errorf("error collecting metric %v: %s", desc, err)

prometheus/value.go

@@ -17,9 +17,9 @@ import (
 	"fmt"
 	"sort"
 
-	dto "github.com/prometheus/client_model/go"
-
 	"github.com/golang/protobuf/proto"
+
+	dto "github.com/prometheus/client_model/go"
 )
 
 // ValueType is an enumeration of metric types that represent a simple value.

prometheus/wrap.go

@@ -0,0 +1,179 @@
+// Copyright 2018 The Prometheus Authors
+// Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+// you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+// You may obtain a copy of the License at
+//
+// http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+//
+// Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+// distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+// WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+// See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+// limitations under the License.
+
+package prometheus
+
+import (
+	"fmt"
+	"sort"
+
+	"github.com/golang/protobuf/proto"
+
+	dto "github.com/prometheus/client_model/go"
+)
+
+// WrapRegistererWith returns a Registerer wrapping the provided
+// Registerer. Collectors registered with the returned Registerer will be
+// registered with the wrapped Registerer in a modified way. The modified
+// Collector adds the provided Labels to all Metrics it collects (as
+// ConstLabels). The Metrics collected by the unmodified Collector must not
+// duplicate any of those labels.
+//
+// WrapRegistererWith provides a way to add fixed labels to a subset of
+// Collectors. It should not be used to add fixed labels to all metrics exposed.
+//
+// The Collector example demonstrates a use of WrapRegistererWith.
+func WrapRegistererWith(labels Labels, reg Registerer) Registerer {
+	return &wrappingRegisterer{
+		wrappedRegisterer: reg,
+		labels:            labels,
+	}
+}
+
+// WrapRegistererWithPrefix returns a Registerer wrapping the provided
+// Registerer. Collectors registered with the returned Registerer will be
+// registered with the wrapped Registerer in a modified way. The modified
+// Collector adds the provided prefix to the name of all Metrics it collects.
+//
+// WrapRegistererWithPrefix is useful to have one place to prefix all metrics of
+// a sub-system. To make this work, register metrics of the sub-system with the
+// wrapping Registerer returned by WrapRegistererWithPrefix. It is rarely useful
+// to use the same prefix for all metrics exposed. In particular, do not prefix
+// metric names that are standardized across applications, as that would break
+// horizontal monitoring, for example the metrics provided by the Go collector
+// (see NewGoCollector) and the process collector (see NewProcessCollector). (In
+// fact, those metrics are already prefixed with “go_” or “process_”,
+// respectively.)
+func WrapRegistererWithPrefix(prefix string, reg Registerer) Registerer {
+	return &wrappingRegisterer{
+		wrappedRegisterer: reg,
+		prefix:            prefix,
+	}
+}
+
+type wrappingRegisterer struct {
+	wrappedRegisterer Registerer
+	prefix            string
+	labels            Labels
+}
+
+func (r *wrappingRegisterer) Register(c Collector) error {
+	return r.wrappedRegisterer.Register(&wrappingCollector{
+		wrappedCollector: c,
+		prefix:           r.prefix,
+		labels:           r.labels,
+	})
+}
+
+func (r *wrappingRegisterer) MustRegister(cs ...Collector) {
+	for _, c := range cs {
+		if err := r.Register(c); err != nil {
+			panic(err)
+		}
+	}
+}
+
+func (r *wrappingRegisterer) Unregister(c Collector) bool {
+	return r.wrappedRegisterer.Unregister(&wrappingCollector{
+		wrappedCollector: c,
+		prefix:           r.prefix,
+		labels:           r.labels,
+	})
+}
+
+type wrappingCollector struct {
+	wrappedCollector Collector
+	prefix           string
+	labels           Labels
+}
+
+func (c *wrappingCollector) Collect(ch chan<- Metric) {
+	wrappedCh := make(chan Metric)
+	go func() {
+		c.wrappedCollector.Collect(wrappedCh)
+		close(wrappedCh)
+	}()
+	for m := range wrappedCh {
+		ch <- &wrappingMetric{
+			wrappedMetric: m,
+			prefix:        c.prefix,
+			labels:        c.labels,
+		}
+	}
+}
+
+func (c *wrappingCollector) Describe(ch chan<- *Desc) {
+	wrappedCh := make(chan *Desc)
+	go func() {
+		c.wrappedCollector.Describe(wrappedCh)
+		close(wrappedCh)
+	}()
+	for desc := range wrappedCh {
+		ch <- wrapDesc(desc, c.prefix, c.labels)
+	}
+}
+
+type wrappingMetric struct {
+	wrappedMetric Metric
+	prefix        string
+	labels        Labels
+}
+
+func (m *wrappingMetric) Desc() *Desc {
+	return wrapDesc(m.wrappedMetric.Desc(), m.prefix, m.labels)
+}
+
+func (m *wrappingMetric) Write(out *dto.Metric) error {
+	if err := m.wrappedMetric.Write(out); err != nil {
+		return err
+	}
+	if len(m.labels) == 0 {
+		// No wrapping labels.
+		return nil
+	}
+	for ln, lv := range m.labels {
+		out.Label = append(out.Label, &dto.LabelPair{
+			Name:  proto.String(ln),
+			Value: proto.String(lv),
+		})
+	}
+	sort.Sort(labelPairSorter(out.Label))
+	return nil
+}
+
+func wrapDesc(desc *Desc, prefix string, labels Labels) *Desc {
+	constLabels := Labels{}
+	for _, lp := range desc.constLabelPairs {
+		constLabels[*lp.Name] = *lp.Value
+	}
+	for ln, lv := range labels {
+		if _, alreadyUsed := constLabels[ln]; alreadyUsed {
+			return &Desc{
+				fqName:          desc.fqName,
+				help:            desc.help,
+				variableLabels:  desc.variableLabels,
+				constLabelPairs: desc.constLabelPairs,
+				err:             fmt.Errorf("attempted wrapping with already existing label name %q", ln),
+			}
+		}
+		constLabels[ln] = lv
+	}
+	// NewDesc will do remaining validations.
+	newDesc := NewDesc(prefix+desc.fqName, desc.help, desc.variableLabels, constLabels)
+	// Propagate errors if there was any. This will override any errer
+	// created by NewDesc above, i.e. earlier errors get precedence.
+	if desc.err != nil {
+		newDesc.err = desc.err
+	}
+	return newDesc
+}

prometheus/wrap_test.go

@@ -0,0 +1,322 @@
+// Copyright 2018 The Prometheus Authors
+// Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+// you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+// You may obtain a copy of the License at
+//
+// http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+//
+// Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+// distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+// WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+// See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+// limitations under the License.
+
+package prometheus
+
+import (
+	"fmt"
+	"reflect"
+	"strings"
+	"testing"
+
+	"github.com/gogo/protobuf/proto"
+
+	dto "github.com/prometheus/client_model/go"
+)
+
+// uncheckedCollector wraps a Collector but its Describe method yields no Desc.
+type uncheckedCollector struct {
+	c Collector
+}
+
+func (u uncheckedCollector) Describe(_ chan<- *Desc) {}
+func (u uncheckedCollector) Collect(c chan<- Metric) {
+	u.c.Collect(c)
+}
+
+func toMetricFamilies(cs ...Collector) []*dto.MetricFamily {
+	reg := NewRegistry()
+	reg.MustRegister(cs...)
+	out, err := reg.Gather()
+	if err != nil {
+		panic(err)
+	}
+	return out
+}
+
+func TestWrap(t *testing.T) {
+
+	simpleCnt := NewCounter(CounterOpts{
+		Name: "simpleCnt",
+		Help: "helpSimpleCnt",
+	})
+	simpleCnt.Inc()
+
+	simpleGge := NewGauge(GaugeOpts{
+		Name: "simpleGge",
+		Help: "helpSimpleGge",
+	})
+	simpleGge.Set(3.14)
+
+	preCnt := NewCounter(CounterOpts{
+		Name: "pre_simpleCnt",
+		Help: "helpSimpleCnt",
+	})
+	preCnt.Inc()
+
+	barLabeledCnt := NewCounter(CounterOpts{
+		Name:        "simpleCnt",
+		Help:        "helpSimpleCnt",
+		ConstLabels: Labels{"foo": "bar"},
+	})
+	barLabeledCnt.Inc()
+
+	bazLabeledCnt := NewCounter(CounterOpts{
+		Name:        "simpleCnt",
+		Help:        "helpSimpleCnt",
+		ConstLabels: Labels{"foo": "baz"},
+	})
+	bazLabeledCnt.Inc()
+
+	labeledPreCnt := NewCounter(CounterOpts{
+		Name:        "pre_simpleCnt",
+		Help:        "helpSimpleCnt",
+		ConstLabels: Labels{"foo": "bar"},
+	})
+	labeledPreCnt.Inc()
+
+	twiceLabeledPreCnt := NewCounter(CounterOpts{
+		Name:        "pre_simpleCnt",
+		Help:        "helpSimpleCnt",
+		ConstLabels: Labels{"foo": "bar", "dings": "bums"},
+	})
+	twiceLabeledPreCnt.Inc()
+
+	barLabeledUncheckedCollector := uncheckedCollector{barLabeledCnt}
+
+	scenarios := map[string]struct {
+		prefix      string // First wrap with this prefix.
+		labels      Labels // Then wrap the result with these labels.
+		labels2     Labels // If any, wrap the prefix-wrapped one again.
+		preRegister []Collector
+		toRegister  []struct { // If there are any labels2, register every other with that one.
+			collector         Collector
+			registrationFails bool
+		}
+		gatherFails bool
+		output      []Collector
+	}{
+		"wrap nothing": {
+			prefix: "pre_",
+			labels: Labels{"foo": "bar"},
+		},
+		"wrap with nothing": {
+			preRegister: []Collector{simpleGge},
+			toRegister: []struct {
+				collector         Collector
+				registrationFails bool
+			}{{simpleCnt, false}},
+			output: []Collector{simpleGge, simpleCnt},
+		},
+		"wrap counter with prefix": {
+			prefix:      "pre_",
+			preRegister: []Collector{simpleGge},
+			toRegister: []struct {
+				collector         Collector
+				registrationFails bool
+			}{{simpleCnt, false}},
+			output: []Collector{simpleGge, preCnt},
+		},
+		"wrap counter with label pair": {
+			labels:      Labels{"foo": "bar"},
+			preRegister: []Collector{simpleGge},
+			toRegister: []struct {
+				collector         Collector
+				registrationFails bool
+			}{{simpleCnt, false}},
+			output: []Collector{simpleGge, barLabeledCnt},
+		},
+		"wrap counter with label pair and prefix": {
+			prefix:      "pre_",
+			labels:      Labels{"foo": "bar"},
+			preRegister: []Collector{simpleGge},
+			toRegister: []struct {
+				collector         Collector
+				registrationFails bool
+			}{{simpleCnt, false}},
+			output: []Collector{simpleGge, labeledPreCnt},
+		},
+		"wrap counter with invalid prefix": {
+			prefix:      "1+1",
+			preRegister: []Collector{simpleGge},
+			toRegister: []struct {
+				collector         Collector
+				registrationFails bool
+			}{{simpleCnt, true}},
+			output: []Collector{simpleGge},
+		},
+		"wrap counter with invalid label": {
+			preRegister: []Collector{simpleGge},
+			labels:      Labels{"42": "bar"},
+			toRegister: []struct {
+				collector         Collector
+				registrationFails bool
+			}{{simpleCnt, true}},
+			output: []Collector{simpleGge},
+		},
+		"counter registered twice but wrapped with different label values": {
+			labels:  Labels{"foo": "bar"},
+			labels2: Labels{"foo": "baz"},
+			toRegister: []struct {
+				collector         Collector
+				registrationFails bool
+			}{{simpleCnt, false}, {simpleCnt, false}},
+			output: []Collector{barLabeledCnt, bazLabeledCnt},
+		},
+		"counter registered twice but wrapped with different inconsistent label values": {
+			labels:  Labels{"foo": "bar"},
+			labels2: Labels{"bar": "baz"},
+			toRegister: []struct {
+				collector         Collector
+				registrationFails bool
+			}{{simpleCnt, false}, {simpleCnt, true}},
+			output: []Collector{barLabeledCnt},
+		},
+		"wrap counter with prefix and two labels": {
+			prefix:      "pre_",
+			labels:      Labels{"foo": "bar", "dings": "bums"},
+			preRegister: []Collector{simpleGge},
+			toRegister: []struct {
+				collector         Collector
+				registrationFails bool
+			}{{simpleCnt, false}},
+			output: []Collector{simpleGge, twiceLabeledPreCnt},
+		},
+		"wrap labeled counter with prefix and another label": {
+			prefix:      "pre_",
+			labels:      Labels{"dings": "bums"},
+			preRegister: []Collector{simpleGge},
+			toRegister: []struct {
+				collector         Collector
+				registrationFails bool
+			}{{barLabeledCnt, false}},
+			output: []Collector{simpleGge, twiceLabeledPreCnt},
+		},
+		"wrap labeled counter with prefix and inconsistent label": {
+			prefix:      "pre_",
+			labels:      Labels{"foo": "bums"},
+			preRegister: []Collector{simpleGge},
+			toRegister: []struct {
+				collector         Collector
+				registrationFails bool
+			}{{barLabeledCnt, true}},
+			output: []Collector{simpleGge},
+		},
+		"wrap labeled counter with prefix and the same label again": {
+			prefix:      "pre_",
+			labels:      Labels{"foo": "bar"},
+			preRegister: []Collector{simpleGge},
+			toRegister: []struct {
+				collector         Collector
+				registrationFails bool
+			}{{barLabeledCnt, true}},
+			output: []Collector{simpleGge},
+		},
+		"wrap labeled unchecked collector with prefix and another label": {
+			prefix:      "pre_",
+			labels:      Labels{"dings": "bums"},
+			preRegister: []Collector{simpleGge},
+			toRegister: []struct {
+				collector         Collector
+				registrationFails bool
+			}{{barLabeledUncheckedCollector, false}},
+			output: []Collector{simpleGge, twiceLabeledPreCnt},
+		},
+		"wrap labeled unchecked collector with prefix and inconsistent label": {
+			prefix:      "pre_",
+			labels:      Labels{"foo": "bums"},
+			preRegister: []Collector{simpleGge},
+			toRegister: []struct {
+				collector         Collector
+				registrationFails bool
+			}{{barLabeledUncheckedCollector, false}},
+			gatherFails: true,
+			output:      []Collector{simpleGge},
+		},
+		"wrap labeled unchecked collector with prefix and the same label again": {
+			prefix:      "pre_",
+			labels:      Labels{"foo": "bar"},
+			preRegister: []Collector{simpleGge},
+			toRegister: []struct {
+				collector         Collector
+				registrationFails bool
+			}{{barLabeledUncheckedCollector, false}},
+			gatherFails: true,
+			output:      []Collector{simpleGge},
+		},
+		"wrap labeled unchecked collector with prefix and another label resulting in collision with pre-registered counter": {
+			prefix:      "pre_",
+			labels:      Labels{"dings": "bums"},
+			preRegister: []Collector{twiceLabeledPreCnt},
+			toRegister: []struct {
+				collector         Collector
+				registrationFails bool
+			}{{barLabeledUncheckedCollector, false}},
+			gatherFails: true,
+			output:      []Collector{twiceLabeledPreCnt},
+		},
+	}
+
+	for n, s := range scenarios {
+		t.Run(n, func(t *testing.T) {
+			reg := NewPedanticRegistry()
+			for _, c := range s.preRegister {
+				if err := reg.Register(c); err != nil {
+					t.Fatal("error registering with unwrapped registry:", err)
+				}
+			}
+			preReg := WrapRegistererWithPrefix(s.prefix, reg)
+			lReg := WrapRegistererWith(s.labels, preReg)
+			l2Reg := WrapRegistererWith(s.labels2, preReg)
+			for i, tr := range s.toRegister {
+				var err error
+				if i%2 != 0 && len(s.labels2) != 0 {
+					err = l2Reg.Register(tr.collector)
+				} else {
+					err = lReg.Register(tr.collector)
+				}
+				if tr.registrationFails && err == nil {
+					t.Fatalf("registration with wrapping registry unexpectedly succeded for collector #%d", i)
+				}
+				if !tr.registrationFails && err != nil {
+					t.Fatalf("registration with wrapping registry failed for collector #%d: %s", i, err)
+				}
+			}
+			wantMF := toMetricFamilies(s.output...)
+			gotMF, err := reg.Gather()
+			if s.gatherFails && err == nil {
+				t.Fatal("gathering unexpectedly succeded")
+			}
+			if !s.gatherFails && err != nil {
+				t.Fatal("gathering failed:", err)
+			}
+			if !reflect.DeepEqual(gotMF, wantMF) {
+				var want, got []string
+
+				for i, mf := range wantMF {
+					want = append(want, fmt.Sprintf("%3d: %s", i, proto.MarshalTextString(mf)))
+				}
+				for i, mf := range gotMF {
+					got = append(got, fmt.Sprintf("%3d: %s", i, proto.MarshalTextString(mf)))
+				}
+
+				t.Fatalf(
+					"unexpected output of gathering:\n\nWANT:\n%s\n\nGOT:\n%s\n",
+					strings.Join(want, "\n"),
+					strings.Join(got, "\n"),
+				)
+			}
+		})
+	}
+
+}