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< p align = "center" >
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< img src = "https://raw.githubusercontent.com/panjf2000/logos/master/ants/logo.png" / >
< b > A goroutine pool for Go< / b >
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< br / > < br / >
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< a title = "Build Status" target = "_blank" href = "https://github.com/panjf2000/ants/actions?query=workflow%3ATests" > < img src = "https://img.shields.io/github/workflow/status/panjf2000/ants/Tests?style=flat-square&logo=github-actions" / > < / a >
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< a title = "Codecov" target = "_blank" href = "https://codecov.io/gh/panjf2000/ants" > < img src = "https://img.shields.io/codecov/c/github/panjf2000/ants?style=flat-square&logo=codecov" / > < / a >
< a title = "Release" target = "_blank" href = "https://github.com/panjf2000/ants/releases" > < img src = "https://img.shields.io/github/v/release/panjf2000/ants.svg?color=161823&style=flat-square&logo=smartthings" / > < / a >
< a title = "Tag" target = "_blank" href = "https://github.com/panjf2000/ants/tags" > < img src = "https://img.shields.io/github/v/tag/panjf2000/ants?color=%23ff8936&logo=fitbit&style=flat-square" / > < / a >
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< br / >
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< a title = "Chat Room" target = "_blank" href = "https://gitter.im/ants-pool/ants?utm_source=badge&utm_medium=badge&utm_campaign=pr-badge&utm_content=body_badge" > < img src = "https://badges.gitter.im/ants-pool/ants.svg" / > < / a >
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< a title = "Doc for ants" target = "_blank" href = "https://pkg.go.dev/github.com/panjf2000/ants/v2?tab=doc" > < img src = "https://img.shields.io/badge/go.dev-doc-007d9c?style=flat-square&logo=read-the-docs" / > < / a >
< a title = "Mentioned in Awesome Go" target = "_blank" href = "https://github.com/avelino/awesome-go#goroutines" > < img src = "https://awesome.re/mentioned-badge-flat.svg" / > < / a >
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< / p >
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English | [🇨🇳中文 ](README_ZH.md )
## 📖 Introduction
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Library `ants` implements a goroutine pool with fixed capacity, managing and recycling a massive number of goroutines, allowing developers to limit the number of goroutines in your concurrent programs.
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## 🚀 Features:
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- Managing and recycling a massive number of goroutines automatically
- Purging overdue goroutines periodically
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- Abundant APIs: submitting tasks, getting the number of running goroutines, tuning capacity of pool dynamically, releasing pool, rebooting pool
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- Handle panic gracefully to prevent programs from crash
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- Efficient in memory usage and it even achieves [higher performance ](#-performance-summary ) than unlimited goroutines in Golang
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- Nonblocking mechanism
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## ⚔️ Tested in the following Golang releases:
All releases from **Go1.8.x** to **Go1.16.x** .
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## 💡 How `ants` works
### Flow Diagram
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< p align = "center" >
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< img width = "1011" alt = "ants-flowchart-en" src = "https://user-images.githubusercontent.com/7496278/66396509-7b42e700-ea0c-11e9-8612-b71a4b734683.png" >
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< / p >
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### Activity Diagrams
![](https://raw.githubusercontent.com/panjf2000/illustrations/master/go/ants-pool-1.png)
![](https://raw.githubusercontent.com/panjf2000/illustrations/master/go/ants-pool-2.png)
![](https://raw.githubusercontent.com/panjf2000/illustrations/master/go/ants-pool-3.png)
![](https://raw.githubusercontent.com/panjf2000/illustrations/master/go/ants-pool-4.png)
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## 🧰 How to install
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### For `ants` v1
``` powershell
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go get -u github.com/panjf2000/ants
```
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### For `ants` v2 (with GO111MODULE=on)
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```powershell
go get -u github.com/panjf2000/ants/v2
```
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## 🛠 How to use
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Just take a imagination that your program starts a massive number of goroutines, resulting in a huge consumption of memory. To mitigate that kind of situation, all you need to do is to import `ants` package and submit all your tasks to a default pool with fixed capacity, activated when package `ants` is imported:
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``` go
package main
import (
"fmt"
"sync"
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"sync/atomic"
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"time"
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"github.com/panjf2000/ants/v2"
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)
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var sum int32
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func myFunc(i interface{}) {
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n := i.(int32)
atomic.AddInt32(& sum, n)
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fmt.Printf("run with %d\n", n)
}
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func demoFunc() {
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time.Sleep(10 * time.Millisecond)
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fmt.Println("Hello World!")
}
func main() {
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defer ants.Release()
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runTimes := 1000
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// Use the common pool.
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var wg sync.WaitGroup
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syncCalculateSum := func() {
demoFunc()
wg.Done()
}
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for i := 0; i < runTimes ; i + + {
wg.Add(1)
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_ = ants.Submit(syncCalculateSum)
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}
wg.Wait()
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fmt.Printf("running goroutines: %d\n", ants.Running())
fmt.Printf("finish all tasks.\n")
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// Use the pool with a function,
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// set 10 to the capacity of goroutine pool and 1 second for expired duration.
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p, _ := ants.NewPoolWithFunc(10, func(i interface{}) {
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myFunc(i)
wg.Done()
})
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defer p.Release()
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// Submit tasks one by one.
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for i := 0; i < runTimes ; i + + {
wg.Add(1)
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_ = p.Invoke(int32(i))
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}
wg.Wait()
fmt.Printf("running goroutines: %d\n", p.Running())
fmt.Printf("finish all tasks, result is %d\n", sum)
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}
```
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### Functional options for ants pool
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```go
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// Option represents the optional function.
type Option func(opts *Options)
// Options contains all options which will be applied when instantiating a ants pool.
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type Options struct {
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// ExpiryDuration is a period for the scavenger goroutine to clean up those expired workers,
// the scavenger scans all workers every `ExpiryDuration` and clean up those workers that haven't been
// used for more than `ExpiryDuration` .
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ExpiryDuration time.Duration
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// PreAlloc indicates whether to make memory pre-allocation when initializing Pool.
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PreAlloc bool
// Max number of goroutine blocking on pool.Submit.
// 0 (default value) means no such limit.
MaxBlockingTasks int
// When Nonblocking is true, Pool.Submit will never be blocked.
// ErrPoolOverload will be returned when Pool.Submit cannot be done at once.
// When Nonblocking is true, MaxBlockingTasks is inoperative.
Nonblocking bool
// PanicHandler is used to handle panics from each worker goroutine.
// if nil, panics will be thrown out again from worker goroutines.
PanicHandler func(interface{})
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// Logger is the customized logger for logging info, if it is not set,
// default standard logger from log package is used.
Logger Logger
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}
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// WithOptions accepts the whole options config.
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func WithOptions(options Options) Option {
return func(opts *Options) {
*opts = options
}
}
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// WithExpiryDuration sets up the interval time of cleaning up goroutines.
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func WithExpiryDuration(expiryDuration time.Duration) Option {
return func(opts *Options) {
opts.ExpiryDuration = expiryDuration
}
}
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// WithPreAlloc indicates whether it should malloc for workers.
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func WithPreAlloc(preAlloc bool) Option {
return func(opts *Options) {
opts.PreAlloc = preAlloc
}
}
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// WithMaxBlockingTasks sets up the maximum number of goroutines that are blocked when it reaches the capacity of pool.
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func WithMaxBlockingTasks(maxBlockingTasks int) Option {
return func(opts *Options) {
opts.MaxBlockingTasks = maxBlockingTasks
}
}
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// WithNonblocking indicates that pool will return nil when there is no available workers.
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func WithNonblocking(nonblocking bool) Option {
return func(opts *Options) {
opts.Nonblocking = nonblocking
}
}
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// WithPanicHandler sets up panic handler.
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func WithPanicHandler(panicHandler func(interface{})) Option {
return func(opts *Options) {
opts.PanicHandler = panicHandler
}
}
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// WithLogger sets up a customized logger.
func WithLogger(logger Logger) Option {
return func(opts *Options) {
opts.Logger = logger
}
}
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```
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`ants.Options` contains all optional configurations of ants pool, which allows you to customize the goroutine pool by invoking option functions to set up each configuration in `NewPool` /`NewPoolWithFunc`method.
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### Customize limited pool
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`ants` also supports customizing the capacity of pool. You can invoke the `NewPool` method to instantiate a pool with a given capacity, as following:
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``` go
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// Set 10000 the size of goroutine pool
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p, _ := ants.NewPool(10000)
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```
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### Submit tasks
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Tasks can be submitted by calling `ants.Submit(func())`
```go
ants.Submit(func(){})
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```
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### Tune pool capacity in runtime
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You can tune the capacity of `ants` pool in runtime with `Tune(int)` :
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``` go
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pool.Tune(1000) // Tune its capacity to 1000
pool.Tune(100000) // Tune its capacity to 100000
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```
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Don't worry about the synchronous problems in this case, the method here is thread-safe (or should be called goroutine-safe).
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### Pre-malloc goroutine queue in pool
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`ants` allows you to pre-allocate memory of goroutine queue in pool, which may get a performance enhancement under some special certain circumstances such as the scenario that requires a pool with ultra-large capacity, meanwhile each task in goroutine lasts for a long time, in this case, pre-mallocing will reduce a lot of memory allocation in goroutine queue.
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```go
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// ants will pre-malloc the whole capacity of pool when you invoke this method
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p, _ := ants.NewPool(100000, ants.WithPreAlloc(true))
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```
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### Release Pool
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```go
pool.Release()
```
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### Reboot Pool
```go
// A pool that has been released can be still used once you invoke the Reboot().
pool.Reboot()
```
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## ⚙️ About sequence
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All tasks submitted to `ants` pool will not be guaranteed to be addressed in order, because those tasks scatter among a series of concurrent workers, thus those tasks would be executed concurrently.
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## 🧲 Benchmarks
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< div align = "center" > < img src = "https://user-images.githubusercontent.com/7496278/51515466-c7ce9e00-1e4e-11e9-89c4-bd3785b3c667.png" / > < / div >
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In this benchmark result, the first and second benchmarks performed test cases with 1M tasks and the rest of benchmarks performed test cases with 10M tasks, both in unlimited goroutines and `ants` pool, and the capacity of this `ants` goroutine-pool was limited to 50K.
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- BenchmarkGoroutine-4 represents the benchmarks with unlimited goroutines in golang.
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- BenchmarkPoolGroutine-4 represents the benchmarks with a `ants` pool.
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### Benchmarks with Pool
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![](https://user-images.githubusercontent.com/7496278/51515499-f187c500-1e4e-11e9-80e5-3df8f94fa70f.png)
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In above benchmark result, the first and second benchmarks performed test cases with 1M tasks and the rest of benchmarks performed test cases with 10M tasks, both in unlimited goroutines and `ants` pool, and the capacity of this `ants` goroutine-pool was limited to 50K.
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**As you can see, `ants` performs 2 times faster than goroutines without pool (10M tasks) and it only consumes half the memory comparing with goroutines without pool. (both in 1M and 10M tasks)**
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### Benchmarks with PoolWithFunc
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![](https://user-images.githubusercontent.com/7496278/51515565-1e3bdc80-1e4f-11e9-8a08-452ab91d117e.png)
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### Throughput (it is suitable for scenarios where tasks are submitted asynchronously without waiting for the final results)
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#### 100K tasks
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![](https://user-images.githubusercontent.com/7496278/51515590-36abf700-1e4f-11e9-91e4-7bd3dcb5f4a5.png)
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#### 1M tasks
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![](https://user-images.githubusercontent.com/7496278/51515596-44617c80-1e4f-11e9-89e3-01e19d2979a1.png)
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#### 10M tasks
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![](https://user-images.githubusercontent.com/7496278/52987732-537c2000-3437-11e9-86a6-177f00d7a1d6.png)
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## 📊 Performance Summary
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![](https://user-images.githubusercontent.com/7496278/63449727-3ae6d400-c473-11e9-81e3-8b3280d8288a.gif)
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**In conclusion, `ants` performs 2~6 times faster than goroutines without a pool and the memory consumption is reduced by 10 to 20 times.**
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## 👏 Contributors
Please read our [Contributing Guidelines ](CONTRIBUTING.md ) before opening a PR and thank you to all the developers who already made contributions to `ants` !
[![ ](https://opencollective.com/ants/contributors.svg?width=890&button=false )](https://github.com/panjf2000/ants/graphs/contributors)
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## 📄 License
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Source code in `ants` is available under the [MIT License ](/LICENSE ).
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## 📚 Relevant Articles
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- [Goroutine 并发调度模型深度解析之手撸一个高性能 goroutine 池 ](https://taohuawu.club/high-performance-implementation-of-goroutine-pool )
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- [Visually Understanding Worker Pool ](https://medium.com/coinmonks/visually-understanding-worker-pool-48a83b7fc1f5 )
- [The Case For A Go Worker Pool ](https://brandur.org/go-worker-pool )
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- [Go Concurrency - GoRoutines, Worker Pools and Throttling Made Simple ](https://twin.sh/articles/39/go-concurrency-goroutines-worker-pools-and-throttling-made-simple )
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## 🖥 Use cases
### business companies
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The following companies/organizations use `ants` in production.
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< a href = "https://www.tencent.com" > < img src = "https://img.taohuawu.club/gallery/tencent_logo.png" width = "250" align = "middle" / > < / a > < a href = "https://www.bytedance.com/" target = "_blank" > < img src = "https://img.taohuawu.club/gallery/ByteDance_Logo.png" width = "250" align = "middle" / > < / a > < a href = "https://tieba.baidu.com/" target = "_blank" > < img src = "https://img.taohuawu.club/gallery/baidu-tieba-logo.png" width = "300" align = "middle" / > < / a > < a href = "https://www.sina.com.cn/" target = "_blank" > < img src = "https://img.taohuawu.club/gallery/sina-logo.png" width = "200" align = "middle" / > < / a > < a href = "https://www.163.com/" target = "_blank" > < img src = "https://img.taohuawu.club/gallery/netease-logo.png" width = "150" align = "middle" / > < / a > < a href = "https://www.tencentmusic.com/" target = "_blank" > < img src = "https://img.taohuawu.club/gallery/tencent-music-logo.png" width = "250" align = "middle" / > < / a > < a href = "https://www.futuhk.com/" target = "_blank" > < img src = "https://img.taohuawu.club/gallery/futu-logo.png" width = "250" align = "middle" / > < / a > < a href = "https://www.shopify.com/" target = "_blank" > < img src = "https://img.taohuawu.club/gallery/shopify-logo.png" width = "250" align = "middle" / > < / a >
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### open-source software
- [gnet ](https://github.com/panjf2000/gnet ): A high-performance, lightweight, non-blocking, event-driven networking framework written in pure Go.
- [nps ](https://github.com/ehang-io/nps ): A lightweight, high-performance, powerful intranet penetration proxy server, with a powerful web management terminal.
- [jitsu ](https://github.com/jitsucom/jitsu ): An open-source Segment alternative. Fully-scriptable data ingestion engine for modern data teams. Set-up a real-time data pipeline in minutes, not days.
- [triangula ](https://github.com/RH12503/triangula ): Generate high-quality triangulated and polygonal art from images.
- [bsc ](https://github.com/binance-chain/bsc ): A Binance Smart Chain client based on the go-ethereum fork.
- [jaeles ](https://github.com/jaeles-project/jaeles ): The Swiss Army knife for automated Web Application Testing.
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#### All use cases:
- [Repositories that depend on ants/v2 ](https://github.com/panjf2000/ants/network/dependents?package_id=UGFja2FnZS0yMjY2ODgxMjg2 )
- [Repositories that depend on ants/v1 ](https://github.com/panjf2000/ants/network/dependents?package_id=UGFja2FnZS0yMjY0ODMzNjEw )
If you have `ants` integrated into projects, feel free to open a pull request refreshing this list of use cases.
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## 🔋 JetBrains OS licenses
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`ants` had been being developed with GoLand under the **free JetBrains Open Source license(s)** granted by JetBrains s.r.o., hence I would like to express my thanks here.
< a href = "https://www.jetbrains.com/?from=ants" target = "_blank" > < img src = "https://raw.githubusercontent.com/panjf2000/illustrations/master/jetbrains/jetbrains-variant-4.png" width = "250" align = "middle" / > < / a >
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## 💰 Backers
Support us with a monthly donation and help us continue our activities.
< a href = "https://opencollective.com/ants#backers" target = "_blank" > < img src = "https://opencollective.com/ants/backers.svg" > < / a >
## 💎 Sponsors
Become a bronze sponsor with a monthly donation of $10 and get your logo on our README on Github.
< a href = "https://opencollective.com/ants#sponsors" target = "_blank" > < img src = "https://opencollective.com/ants/sponsors.svg" > < / a >
## ☕️ Buy me a coffee
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> Please be sure to leave your name, GitHub account or other social media accounts when you donate by the following means so that I can add it to the list of donors as a token of my appreciation.
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< img src = "https://raw.githubusercontent.com/panjf2000/illustrations/master/payments/WeChatPay.JPG" width = "250" align = "middle" / >
< img src = "https://raw.githubusercontent.com/panjf2000/illustrations/master/payments/AliPay.JPG" width = "250" align = "middle" / >
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< a href = "https://www.paypal.me/R136a1X" target = "_blank" > < img src = "https://raw.githubusercontent.com/panjf2000/illustrations/master/payments/PayPal.JPG" width = "250" align = "middle" / > < / a >
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## 💵 Patrons
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< a target = "_blank" href = "https://github.com/patrick-othmer" > < img src = "https://avatars1.githubusercontent.com/u/8964313" width = "100" alt = "Patrick Othmer" / > < / a > < a target = "_blank" href = "https://github.com/panjf2000/gnet" > < img src = "https://avatars2.githubusercontent.com/u/50285334" width = "100" alt = "Jimmy" / > < / a > < a target = "_blank" href = "https://github.com/cafra" > < img src = "https://avatars0.githubusercontent.com/u/13758306" width = "100" alt = "ChenZhen" / > < / a > < a target = "_blank" href = "https://github.com/yangwenmai" > < img src = "https://avatars0.githubusercontent.com/u/1710912" width = "100" alt = "Mai Yang" / > < / a > < a target = "_blank" href = "https://github.com/BeijingWks" > < img src = "https://avatars3.githubusercontent.com/u/33656339" width = "100" alt = "王开帅" / > < / a > < a target = "_blank" href = "https://github.com/refs" > < img src = "https://avatars3.githubusercontent.com/u/6905948" width = "100" alt = "Unger Alejandro" / > < / a > < a target = "_blank" href = "https://github.com/Wuvist" > < img src = "https://avatars.githubusercontent.com/u/657796" width = "100" alt = "Weng Wei" / > < / a >
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## 🔋 Sponsorship
< p >
< a href = "https://www.digitalocean.com/" >
< img src = "https://opensource.nyc3.cdn.digitaloceanspaces.com/attribution/assets/PoweredByDO/DO_Powered_by_Badge_blue.svg" width = "201px" >
< / a >
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