diff --git a/internal/collection/collection.go b/internal/collection/collection.go
index 0833e574..bfb46ee9 100644
--- a/internal/collection/collection.go
+++ b/internal/collection/collection.go
@@ -1,14 +1,15 @@
 package collection
 
 import (
+	"reflect"
 	"unsafe"
 
-	"github.com/tidwall/boxtree/d2"
 	"github.com/tidwall/btree"
 	"github.com/tidwall/geojson"
 	"github.com/tidwall/geojson/geo"
 	"github.com/tidwall/geojson/geometry"
 	"github.com/tidwall/tile38/internal/collection/ptrbtree"
+	"github.com/tidwall/tile38/internal/collection/ptrrtree"
 )
 
 // Cursor allows for quickly paging through Scan, Within, Intersects, and Nearby
@@ -18,11 +19,32 @@ type Cursor interface {
 }
 
 type itemT struct {
-	id     string
 	obj    geojson.Object
+	_      uint32
+	idLen  uint32
+	idData unsafe.Pointer
 	fields []float64
 }
 
+func (item *itemT) id() string {
+	return *(*string)((unsafe.Pointer)(&reflect.StringHeader{
+		Data: uintptr(unsafe.Pointer(item.idData)),
+		Len:  int(item.idLen),
+	}))
+}
+
+func newItem(id string, obj geojson.Object) *itemT {
+	item := new(itemT)
+	item.obj = obj
+	item.idLen = uint32(len(id))
+	if len(id) > 0 {
+		idData := make([]byte, len(id))
+		copy(idData, id)
+		item.idData = unsafe.Pointer(&idData[0])
+	}
+	return item
+}
+
 func (item *itemT) weightAndPoints() (weight, points int) {
 	if objIsSpatial(item.obj) {
 		points = item.obj.NumPoints()
@@ -30,7 +52,7 @@ func (item *itemT) weightAndPoints() (weight, points int) {
 	} else {
 		weight = len(item.obj.String())
 	}
-	weight += len(item.fields)*8 + len(item.id)
+	weight += len(item.fields)*8 + len(item.id())
 	return weight, points
 }
 
@@ -44,14 +66,14 @@ func (item *itemT) Less(other btree.Item, ctx interface{}) bool {
 		return false
 	}
 	// the values match so we'll compare IDs, which are always unique.
-	return item.id < other.(*itemT).id
+	return item.id() < other.(*itemT).id()
 }
 
 // Collection represents a collection of geojson objects.
 type Collection struct {
-	items    ptrbtree.BTree // items sorted by keys
-	index    d2.BoxTree     // items geospatially indexed
-	values   *btree.BTree   // items sorted by value+key
+	items    ptrbtree.BTree   // items sorted by keys
+	index    ptrrtree.BoxTree // items geospatially indexed
+	values   *btree.BTree     // items sorted by value+key
 	fieldMap map[string]int
 	weight   int
 	points   int
@@ -110,7 +132,7 @@ func (c *Collection) indexDelete(item *itemT) {
 		c.index.Delete(
 			[]float64{rect.Min.X, rect.Min.Y},
 			[]float64{rect.Max.X, rect.Max.Y},
-			item)
+			unsafe.Pointer(item))
 	}
 }
 
@@ -120,7 +142,7 @@ func (c *Collection) indexInsert(item *itemT) {
 		c.index.Insert(
 			[]float64{rect.Min.X, rect.Min.Y},
 			[]float64{rect.Max.X, rect.Max.Y},
-			item)
+			unsafe.Pointer(item))
 	}
 }
 
@@ -160,7 +182,7 @@ func (c *Collection) Set(
 ) (
 	oldObject geojson.Object, oldFields []float64, newFields []float64,
 ) {
-	newItem := &itemT{id: id, obj: obj}
+	newItem := newItem(id, obj)
 
 	// add the new item to main btree and remove the old one if needed
 	oldItemV, ok := c.items.Set(unsafe.Pointer(newItem))
@@ -336,7 +358,7 @@ func (c *Collection) Scan(desc bool, cursor Cursor,
 			cursor.Step(1)
 		}
 		iitm := (*itemT)(ptr)
-		keepon = iterator(iitm.id, iitm.obj, iitm.fields)
+		keepon = iterator(iitm.id(), iitm.obj, iitm.fields)
 		return keepon
 	}
 	if desc {
@@ -368,15 +390,15 @@ func (c *Collection) ScanRange(start, end string, desc bool, cursor Cursor,
 		}
 		iitm := (*itemT)(ptr)
 		if !desc {
-			if iitm.id >= end {
+			if iitm.id() >= end {
 				return false
 			}
 		} else {
-			if iitm.id <= end {
+			if iitm.id() <= end {
 				return false
 			}
 		}
-		keepon = iterator(iitm.id, iitm.obj, iitm.fields)
+		keepon = iterator(iitm.id(), iitm.obj, iitm.fields)
 		return keepon
 	}
 
@@ -408,7 +430,7 @@ func (c *Collection) SearchValues(desc bool, cursor Cursor,
 			cursor.Step(1)
 		}
 		iitm := item.(*itemT)
-		keepon = iterator(iitm.id, iitm.obj, iitm.fields)
+		keepon = iterator(iitm.id(), iitm.obj, iitm.fields)
 		return keepon
 	}
 	if desc {
@@ -440,15 +462,17 @@ func (c *Collection) SearchValuesRange(start, end string, desc bool,
 			cursor.Step(1)
 		}
 		iitm := item.(*itemT)
-		keepon = iterator(iitm.id, iitm.obj, iitm.fields)
+		keepon = iterator(iitm.id(), iitm.obj, iitm.fields)
 		return keepon
 	}
 	if desc {
-		c.values.DescendRange(&itemT{obj: String(start)},
-			&itemT{obj: String(end)}, iter)
+		c.values.DescendRange(
+			newItem("", String(start)), newItem("", String(end)), iter,
+		)
 	} else {
-		c.values.AscendRange(&itemT{obj: String(start)},
-			&itemT{obj: String(end)}, iter)
+		c.values.AscendRange(
+			newItem("", String(start)), newItem("", String(end)), iter,
+		)
 	}
 	return keepon
 }
@@ -474,7 +498,7 @@ func (c *Collection) ScanGreaterOrEqual(id string, desc bool,
 			cursor.Step(1)
 		}
 		iitm := (*itemT)(ptr)
-		keepon = iterator(iitm.id, iitm.obj, iitm.fields)
+		keepon = iterator(iitm.id(), iitm.obj, iitm.fields)
 		return keepon
 	}
 	if desc {
@@ -493,9 +517,9 @@ func (c *Collection) geoSearch(
 	c.index.Search(
 		[]float64{rect.Min.X, rect.Min.Y},
 		[]float64{rect.Max.X, rect.Max.Y},
-		func(_, _ []float64, itemv interface{}) bool {
-			item := itemv.(*itemT)
-			alive = iter(item.id, item.obj, item.fields)
+		func(_, _ []float64, itemv unsafe.Pointer) bool {
+			item := (*itemT)(itemv)
+			alive = iter(item.id(), item.obj, item.fields)
 			return alive
 		},
 	)
@@ -688,7 +712,7 @@ func (c *Collection) Nearby(
 			c.index.Search(
 				[]float64{minLon, minLat},
 				[]float64{maxLon, maxLat},
-				func(_, _ []float64, itemv interface{}) bool {
+				func(_, _ []float64, itemv unsafe.Pointer) bool {
 					exists = true
 					return false
 				},
@@ -711,7 +735,7 @@ func (c *Collection) Nearby(
 	c.index.Nearby(
 		[]float64{center.X, center.Y},
 		[]float64{center.X, center.Y},
-		func(_, _ []float64, itemv interface{}) bool {
+		func(_, _ []float64, itemv unsafe.Pointer) bool {
 			count++
 			if count <= offset {
 				return true
@@ -719,8 +743,8 @@ func (c *Collection) Nearby(
 			if cursor != nil {
 				cursor.Step(1)
 			}
-			item := itemv.(*itemT)
-			alive = iter(item.id, item.obj, item.fields)
+			item := (*itemT)(itemv)
+			alive = iter(item.id(), item.obj, item.fields)
 			return alive
 		},
 	)
diff --git a/internal/collection/ptrbtree/btree.go b/internal/collection/ptrbtree/btree.go
index 9f4ef6bf..9c09f9b3 100644
--- a/internal/collection/ptrbtree/btree.go
+++ b/internal/collection/ptrbtree/btree.go
@@ -1,20 +1,36 @@
 package ptrbtree
 
-import "unsafe"
+import (
+	"reflect"
+	"unsafe"
+)
 
 const maxItems = 31 // use an odd number
 const minItems = maxItems * 40 / 100
 
-type item struct{ ptr unsafe.Pointer }
-type keyedItem struct{ key string }
+type btreeItem struct {
+	ptr unsafe.Pointer
+}
 
-func (v item) key() string {
-	return (*keyedItem)(v.ptr).key
+// keyedItem must match layout of ../collection/itemT, otherwise
+// there's a risk for memory corruption.
+type keyedItem struct {
+	_      interface{}
+	_      uint32
+	keyLen uint32
+	data   unsafe.Pointer
+}
+
+func (v btreeItem) key() string {
+	return *(*string)((unsafe.Pointer)(&reflect.StringHeader{
+		Data: uintptr(unsafe.Pointer((*keyedItem)(v.ptr).data)),
+		Len:  int((*keyedItem)(v.ptr).keyLen),
+	}))
 }
 
 type node struct {
 	numItems int
-	items    [maxItems]item
+	items    [maxItems]btreeItem
 	children [maxItems + 1]*node
 }
 
@@ -44,7 +60,7 @@ func (n *node) find(key string) (index int, found bool) {
 
 // Set or replace a value for a key
 func (tr *BTree) Set(ptr unsafe.Pointer) (prev unsafe.Pointer, replaced bool) {
-	newItem := item{ptr}
+	newItem := btreeItem{ptr}
 	if tr.root == nil {
 		tr.root = new(node)
 		tr.root.items[0] = newItem
@@ -70,7 +86,7 @@ func (tr *BTree) Set(ptr unsafe.Pointer) (prev unsafe.Pointer, replaced bool) {
 	return
 }
 
-func (n *node) split(height int) (right *node, median item) {
+func (n *node) split(height int) (right *node, median btreeItem) {
 	right = new(node)
 	median = n.items[maxItems/2]
 	copy(right.items[:maxItems/2], n.items[maxItems/2+1:])
@@ -84,13 +100,13 @@ func (n *node) split(height int) (right *node, median item) {
 		}
 	}
 	for i := maxItems / 2; i < maxItems; i++ {
-		n.items[i] = item{}
+		n.items[i] = btreeItem{}
 	}
 	n.numItems = maxItems / 2
 	return
 }
 
-func (n *node) set(newItem item, height int) (prev unsafe.Pointer, replaced bool) {
+func (n *node) set(newItem btreeItem, height int) (prev unsafe.Pointer, replaced bool) {
 	i, found := n.find(newItem.key())
 	if found {
 		prev = n.items[i].ptr
@@ -176,7 +192,7 @@ func (tr *BTree) Delete(key string) (prev unsafe.Pointer, deleted bool) {
 	if tr.root == nil {
 		return
 	}
-	var prevItem item
+	var prevItem btreeItem
 	prevItem, deleted = tr.root.delete(false, key, tr.height)
 	if !deleted {
 		return
@@ -195,7 +211,7 @@ func (tr *BTree) Delete(key string) (prev unsafe.Pointer, deleted bool) {
 }
 
 func (n *node) delete(max bool, key string, height int) (
-	prev item, deleted bool,
+	prev btreeItem, deleted bool,
 ) {
 	i, found := 0, false
 	if max {
@@ -208,12 +224,12 @@ func (n *node) delete(max bool, key string, height int) (
 			prev = n.items[i]
 			// found the items at the leaf, remove it and return.
 			copy(n.items[i:], n.items[i+1:n.numItems])
-			n.items[n.numItems-1] = item{}
+			n.items[n.numItems-1] = btreeItem{}
 			n.children[n.numItems] = nil
 			n.numItems--
 			return prev, true
 		}
-		return item{}, false
+		return btreeItem{}, false
 	}
 
 	if found {
@@ -237,7 +253,7 @@ func (n *node) delete(max bool, key string, height int) (
 			i--
 		}
 		if n.children[i].numItems+n.children[i+1].numItems+1 < maxItems {
-			// merge left + item + right
+			// merge left + btreeItem + right
 			n.children[i].items[n.children[i].numItems] = n.items[i]
 			copy(n.children[i].items[n.children[i].numItems+1:],
 				n.children[i+1].items[:n.children[i+1].numItems])
@@ -248,7 +264,7 @@ func (n *node) delete(max bool, key string, height int) (
 			n.children[i].numItems += n.children[i+1].numItems + 1
 			copy(n.items[i:], n.items[i+1:n.numItems])
 			copy(n.children[i+1:], n.children[i+2:n.numItems+1])
-			n.items[n.numItems] = item{}
+			n.items[n.numItems] = btreeItem{}
 			n.children[n.numItems+1] = nil
 			n.numItems--
 		} else if n.children[i].numItems > n.children[i+1].numItems {
@@ -266,7 +282,7 @@ func (n *node) delete(max bool, key string, height int) (
 			}
 			n.children[i+1].numItems++
 			n.items[i] = n.children[i].items[n.children[i].numItems-1]
-			n.children[i].items[n.children[i].numItems-1] = item{}
+			n.children[i].items[n.children[i].numItems-1] = btreeItem{}
 			if height > 1 {
 				n.children[i].children[n.children[i].numItems] = nil
 			}
diff --git a/internal/collection/ptrrtree/rtree.go b/internal/collection/ptrrtree/rtree.go
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..cd86e05f
--- /dev/null
+++ b/internal/collection/ptrrtree/rtree.go
@@ -0,0 +1,712 @@
+package ptrrtree
+
+import "unsafe"
+
+const dims = 2
+
+const (
+	maxEntries = 16
+	minEntries = maxEntries * 40 / 100
+)
+
+type box struct {
+	data     unsafe.Pointer
+	min, max [dims]float64
+}
+
+type node struct {
+	count int
+	boxes [maxEntries + 1]box
+}
+
+// BoxTree ...
+type BoxTree struct {
+	height   int
+	root     box
+	count    int
+	reinsert []box
+}
+
+func (r *box) expand(b *box) {
+	for i := 0; i < dims; i++ {
+		if b.min[i] < r.min[i] {
+			r.min[i] = b.min[i]
+		}
+		if b.max[i] > r.max[i] {
+			r.max[i] = b.max[i]
+		}
+	}
+}
+
+func (r *box) area() float64 {
+	area := r.max[0] - r.min[0]
+	for i := 1; i < dims; i++ {
+		area *= r.max[i] - r.min[i]
+	}
+	return area
+}
+
+func (r *box) overlapArea(b *box) float64 {
+	area := 1.0
+	for i := 0; i < dims; i++ {
+		var max, min float64
+		if r.max[i] < b.max[i] {
+			max = r.max[i]
+		} else {
+			max = b.max[i]
+		}
+		if r.min[i] > b.min[i] {
+			min = r.min[i]
+		} else {
+			min = b.min[i]
+		}
+		if max > min {
+			area *= max - min
+		} else {
+			return 0
+		}
+	}
+	return area
+}
+
+func (r *box) enlargedArea(b *box) float64 {
+	area := 1.0
+	for i := 0; i < len(r.min); i++ {
+		if b.max[i] > r.max[i] {
+			if b.min[i] < r.min[i] {
+				area *= b.max[i] - b.min[i]
+			} else {
+				area *= b.max[i] - r.min[i]
+			}
+		} else {
+			if b.min[i] < r.min[i] {
+				area *= r.max[i] - b.min[i]
+			} else {
+				area *= r.max[i] - r.min[i]
+			}
+		}
+	}
+	return area
+}
+
+// Insert inserts an item into the RTree
+func (tr *BoxTree) Insert(min, max []float64, value unsafe.Pointer) {
+	var item box
+	fit(min, max, value, &item)
+	tr.insert(&item)
+}
+
+func (tr *BoxTree) insert(item *box) {
+	if tr.root.data == nil {
+		fit(item.min[:], item.max[:], unsafe.Pointer(new(node)), &tr.root)
+	}
+	grown := tr.root.insert(item, tr.height)
+	if grown {
+		tr.root.expand(item)
+	}
+	if (*node)(tr.root.data).count == maxEntries+1 {
+		newRoot := new(node)
+		tr.root.splitLargestAxisEdgeSnap(&newRoot.boxes[1])
+		newRoot.boxes[0] = tr.root
+		newRoot.count = 2
+		tr.root.data = unsafe.Pointer(newRoot)
+		tr.root.recalc()
+		tr.height++
+	}
+	tr.count++
+}
+
+func (r *box) chooseLeastEnlargement(b *box) int {
+	j, jenlargement, jarea := -1, 0.0, 0.0
+	n := (*node)(r.data)
+	for i := 0; i < n.count; i++ {
+		var area float64
+		if false {
+			area = n.boxes[i].area()
+		} else {
+			// force inline
+			area = n.boxes[i].max[0] - n.boxes[i].min[0]
+			for j := 1; j < dims; j++ {
+				area *= n.boxes[i].max[j] - n.boxes[i].min[j]
+			}
+		}
+		var enlargement float64
+		if false {
+			enlargement = n.boxes[i].enlargedArea(b) - area
+		} else {
+			// force inline
+			enlargedArea := 1.0
+			for j := 0; j < len(n.boxes[i].min); j++ {
+				if b.max[j] > n.boxes[i].max[j] {
+					if b.min[j] < n.boxes[i].min[j] {
+						enlargedArea *= b.max[j] - b.min[j]
+					} else {
+						enlargedArea *= b.max[j] - n.boxes[i].min[j]
+					}
+				} else {
+					if b.min[j] < n.boxes[i].min[j] {
+						enlargedArea *= n.boxes[i].max[j] - b.min[j]
+					} else {
+						enlargedArea *= n.boxes[i].max[j] - n.boxes[i].min[j]
+					}
+				}
+			}
+			enlargement = enlargedArea - area
+		}
+
+		if j == -1 || enlargement < jenlargement {
+			j, jenlargement, jarea = i, enlargement, area
+		} else if enlargement == jenlargement {
+			if area < jarea {
+				j, jenlargement, jarea = i, enlargement, area
+			}
+		}
+	}
+	return j
+}
+
+func (r *box) recalc() {
+	n := (*node)(r.data)
+	r.min = n.boxes[0].min
+	r.max = n.boxes[0].max
+	for i := 1; i < n.count; i++ {
+		r.expand(&n.boxes[i])
+	}
+}
+
+// contains return struct when b is fully contained inside of n
+func (r *box) contains(b *box) bool {
+	for i := 0; i < dims; i++ {
+		if b.min[i] < r.min[i] || b.max[i] > r.max[i] {
+			return false
+		}
+	}
+	return true
+}
+
+func (r *box) largestAxis() (axis int, size float64) {
+	j, jsz := 0, 0.0
+	for i := 0; i < dims; i++ {
+		sz := r.max[i] - r.min[i]
+		if i == 0 || sz > jsz {
+			j, jsz = i, sz
+		}
+	}
+	return j, jsz
+}
+
+func (r *box) splitLargestAxisEdgeSnap(right *box) {
+	axis, _ := r.largestAxis()
+	left := r
+	leftNode := (*node)(left.data)
+	rightNode := new(node)
+	right.data = unsafe.Pointer(rightNode)
+
+	var equals []box
+	for i := 0; i < leftNode.count; i++ {
+		minDist := leftNode.boxes[i].min[axis] - left.min[axis]
+		maxDist := left.max[axis] - leftNode.boxes[i].max[axis]
+		if minDist < maxDist {
+			// stay left
+		} else {
+			if minDist > maxDist {
+				// move to right
+				rightNode.boxes[rightNode.count] = leftNode.boxes[i]
+				rightNode.count++
+			} else {
+				// move to equals, at the end of the left array
+				equals = append(equals, leftNode.boxes[i])
+			}
+			leftNode.boxes[i] = leftNode.boxes[leftNode.count-1]
+			leftNode.boxes[leftNode.count-1].data = nil
+			leftNode.count--
+			i--
+		}
+	}
+	for _, b := range equals {
+		if leftNode.count < rightNode.count {
+			leftNode.boxes[leftNode.count] = b
+			leftNode.count++
+		} else {
+			rightNode.boxes[rightNode.count] = b
+			rightNode.count++
+		}
+	}
+	left.recalc()
+	right.recalc()
+}
+
+func (r *box) insert(item *box, height int) (grown bool) {
+	n := (*node)(r.data)
+	if height == 0 {
+		n.boxes[n.count] = *item
+		n.count++
+		grown = !r.contains(item)
+		return grown
+	}
+	// choose subtree
+	index := r.chooseLeastEnlargement(item)
+	child := &n.boxes[index]
+	grown = child.insert(item, height-1)
+	if grown {
+		child.expand(item)
+		grown = !r.contains(item)
+	}
+	if (*node)(child.data).count == maxEntries+1 {
+		child.splitLargestAxisEdgeSnap(&n.boxes[n.count])
+		n.count++
+	}
+	return grown
+}
+
+// fit an external item into a box type
+func fit(min, max []float64, value unsafe.Pointer, target *box) {
+	if max == nil {
+		max = min
+	}
+	if len(min) != len(max) {
+		panic("min/max dimension mismatch")
+	}
+	if len(min) != dims {
+		panic("invalid number of dimensions")
+	}
+	for i := 0; i < dims; i++ {
+		target.min[i] = min[i]
+		target.max[i] = max[i]
+	}
+	target.data = value
+}
+
+type overlapsResult int
+
+const (
+	not overlapsResult = iota
+	intersects
+	contains
+)
+
+// overlaps detects if r insersects or contains b.
+// return not, intersects, contains
+func (r *box) overlaps(b *box) overlapsResult {
+	for i := 0; i < dims; i++ {
+		if b.min[i] > r.max[i] || b.max[i] < r.min[i] {
+			return not
+		}
+		if r.min[i] > b.min[i] || b.max[i] > r.max[i] {
+			i++
+			for ; i < dims; i++ {
+				if b.min[i] > r.max[i] || b.max[i] < r.min[i] {
+					return not
+				}
+			}
+			return intersects
+		}
+	}
+	return contains
+}
+
+// contains return struct when b is fully contained inside of n
+func (r *box) intersects(b *box) bool {
+	for i := 0; i < dims; i++ {
+		if b.min[i] > r.max[i] || b.max[i] < r.min[i] {
+			return false
+		}
+	}
+	return true
+}
+
+func (r *box) search(
+	target *box, height int,
+	iter func(min, max []float64, value unsafe.Pointer) bool,
+) bool {
+	n := (*node)(r.data)
+	if height == 0 {
+		for i := 0; i < n.count; i++ {
+			if target.intersects(&n.boxes[i]) {
+				if !iter(n.boxes[i].min[:], n.boxes[i].max[:],
+					n.boxes[i].data) {
+					return false
+				}
+			}
+		}
+	} else {
+		for i := 0; i < n.count; i++ {
+			switch target.overlaps(&n.boxes[i]) {
+			case intersects:
+				if !n.boxes[i].search(target, height-1, iter) {
+					return false
+				}
+			case contains:
+				if !n.boxes[i].scan(height-1, iter) {
+					return false
+				}
+			}
+		}
+	}
+	return true
+}
+
+func (tr *BoxTree) search(
+	target *box,
+	iter func(min, max []float64, value unsafe.Pointer) bool,
+) {
+	if tr.root.data == nil {
+		return
+	}
+	res := target.overlaps(&tr.root)
+	if res == intersects {
+		tr.root.search(target, tr.height, iter)
+	} else if res == contains {
+		tr.root.scan(tr.height, iter)
+	}
+}
+
+// Search ...
+func (tr *BoxTree) Search(min, max []float64,
+	iter func(min, max []float64, value unsafe.Pointer) bool,
+) {
+	var target box
+	fit(min, max, nil, &target)
+	tr.search(&target, iter)
+}
+
+const (
+	// Continue to first child box and/or next sibling.
+	Continue = iota
+	// Ignore child boxes but continue to next sibling.
+	Ignore
+	// Stop iterating
+	Stop
+)
+
+// Traverse iterates through all items and container boxes in tree.
+func (tr *BoxTree) Traverse(
+	iter func(min, max []float64, height, level int, value unsafe.Pointer) int,
+) {
+	if tr.root.data == nil {
+		return
+	}
+	if iter(tr.root.min[:], tr.root.max[:], tr.height+1, 0, nil) == Continue {
+		tr.root.traverse(tr.height, 1, iter)
+	}
+}
+
+func (r *box) traverse(
+	height, level int,
+	iter func(min, max []float64, height, level int, value unsafe.Pointer) int,
+) int {
+	n := (*node)(r.data)
+	if height == 0 {
+		for i := 0; i < n.count; i++ {
+			action := iter(n.boxes[i].min[:], n.boxes[i].max[:], height, level,
+				n.boxes[i].data)
+			if action == Stop {
+				return Stop
+			}
+		}
+	} else {
+		for i := 0; i < n.count; i++ {
+			switch iter(n.boxes[i].min[:], n.boxes[i].max[:], height, level,
+				n.boxes[i].data) {
+			case Ignore:
+			case Continue:
+				if n.boxes[i].traverse(height-1, level+1, iter) == Stop {
+					return Stop
+				}
+			case Stop:
+				return Stop
+			}
+		}
+	}
+	return Continue
+}
+
+func (r *box) scan(
+	height int, iter func(min, max []float64, value unsafe.Pointer) bool,
+) bool {
+	n := (*node)(r.data)
+	if height == 0 {
+		for i := 0; i < n.count; i++ {
+			if !iter(n.boxes[i].min[:], n.boxes[i].max[:], n.boxes[i].data) {
+				return false
+			}
+		}
+	} else {
+		for i := 0; i < n.count; i++ {
+			if !n.boxes[i].scan(height-1, iter) {
+				return false
+			}
+		}
+	}
+	return true
+}
+
+// Scan iterates through all items in tree.
+func (tr *BoxTree) Scan(iter func(min, max []float64, value unsafe.Pointer) bool) {
+	if tr.root.data == nil {
+		return
+	}
+	tr.root.scan(tr.height, iter)
+}
+
+// Delete ...
+func (tr *BoxTree) Delete(min, max []float64, value unsafe.Pointer) {
+	var item box
+	fit(min, max, value, &item)
+	if tr.root.data == nil || !tr.root.contains(&item) {
+		return
+	}
+	var removed, recalced bool
+	removed, recalced, tr.reinsert =
+		tr.root.delete(&item, tr.height, tr.reinsert[:0])
+	if !removed {
+		return
+	}
+	tr.count -= len(tr.reinsert) + 1
+	if tr.count == 0 {
+		tr.root = box{}
+		recalced = false
+	} else {
+		for tr.height > 0 && (*node)(tr.root.data).count == 1 {
+			tr.root = (*node)(tr.root.data).boxes[0]
+			tr.height--
+			tr.root.recalc()
+		}
+	}
+	if recalced {
+		tr.root.recalc()
+	}
+	for i := range tr.reinsert {
+		tr.insert(&tr.reinsert[i])
+		tr.reinsert[i].data = nil
+	}
+}
+
+func (r *box) delete(item *box, height int, reinsert []box) (
+	removed, recalced bool, reinsertOut []box,
+) {
+	n := (*node)(r.data)
+	if height == 0 {
+		for i := 0; i < n.count; i++ {
+			if n.boxes[i].data == item.data {
+				// found the target item to delete
+				recalced = r.onEdge(&n.boxes[i])
+				n.boxes[i] = n.boxes[n.count-1]
+				n.boxes[n.count-1].data = nil
+				n.count--
+				if recalced {
+					r.recalc()
+				}
+				return true, recalced, reinsert
+			}
+		}
+	} else {
+		for i := 0; i < n.count; i++ {
+			if !n.boxes[i].contains(item) {
+				continue
+			}
+			removed, recalced, reinsert =
+				n.boxes[i].delete(item, height-1, reinsert)
+			if !removed {
+				continue
+			}
+			if (*node)(n.boxes[i].data).count < minEntries {
+				// underflow
+				if !recalced {
+					recalced = r.onEdge(&n.boxes[i])
+				}
+				reinsert = n.boxes[i].flatten(reinsert, height-1)
+				n.boxes[i] = n.boxes[n.count-1]
+				n.boxes[n.count-1].data = nil
+				n.count--
+			}
+			if recalced {
+				r.recalc()
+			}
+			return removed, recalced, reinsert
+		}
+	}
+	return false, false, reinsert
+}
+
+// flatten flattens all leaf boxes into a single list
+func (r *box) flatten(all []box, height int) []box {
+	n := (*node)(r.data)
+	if height == 0 {
+		all = append(all, n.boxes[:n.count]...)
+	} else {
+		for i := 0; i < n.count; i++ {
+			all = n.boxes[i].flatten(all, height-1)
+		}
+	}
+	return all
+}
+
+// onedge returns true when b is on the edge of r
+func (r *box) onEdge(b *box) bool {
+	for i := 0; i < dims; i++ {
+		if r.min[i] == b.min[i] || r.max[i] == b.max[i] {
+			return true
+		}
+	}
+	return false
+}
+
+// Count ...
+func (tr *BoxTree) Count() int {
+	return tr.count
+}
+
+func (r *box) totalOverlapArea(height int) float64 {
+	var area float64
+	n := (*node)(r.data)
+	for i := 0; i < n.count; i++ {
+		for j := i + 1; j < n.count; j++ {
+			area += n.boxes[i].overlapArea(&n.boxes[j])
+		}
+
+	}
+	if height > 0 {
+		for i := 0; i < n.count; i++ {
+			area += n.boxes[i].totalOverlapArea(height - 1)
+		}
+	}
+	return area
+}
+
+// TotalOverlapArea ...
+func (tr *BoxTree) TotalOverlapArea() float64 {
+	if tr.root.data == nil {
+		return 0
+	}
+	return tr.root.totalOverlapArea(tr.height)
+}
+
+type qnode struct {
+	dist   float64
+	box    box
+	height int
+}
+
+type queue struct {
+	nodes []qnode
+	len   int
+	size  int
+}
+
+func (q *queue) push(dist float64, box box, height int) {
+	if q.nodes == nil {
+		q.nodes = make([]qnode, 2)
+	} else {
+		q.nodes = append(q.nodes, qnode{})
+	}
+	i := q.len + 1
+	j := i / 2
+	for i > 1 && q.nodes[j].dist > dist {
+		q.nodes[i] = q.nodes[j]
+		i = j
+		j = j / 2
+	}
+	q.nodes[i].dist = dist
+	q.nodes[i].box = box
+	q.nodes[i].height = height
+	q.len++
+}
+
+func (q *queue) peek() qnode {
+	if q.len == 0 {
+		return qnode{}
+	}
+	return q.nodes[1]
+}
+
+func (q *queue) pop() qnode {
+	if q.len == 0 {
+		return qnode{}
+	}
+	n := q.nodes[1]
+	q.nodes[1] = q.nodes[q.len]
+	q.len--
+	var j, k int
+	i := 1
+	for i != q.len+1 {
+		k = q.len + 1
+		j = 2 * i
+		if j <= q.len && q.nodes[j].dist < q.nodes[k].dist {
+			k = j
+		}
+		if j+1 <= q.len && q.nodes[j+1].dist < q.nodes[k].dist {
+			k = j + 1
+		}
+		q.nodes[i] = q.nodes[k]
+		i = k
+	}
+	return n
+}
+
+// Nearby returns items nearest to farthest.
+// The dist param is the "box distance".
+func (tr *BoxTree) Nearby(min, max []float64,
+	iter func(min, max []float64, item unsafe.Pointer) bool) {
+	if tr.root.data == nil {
+		return
+	}
+	height := tr.height
+	var bbox box
+	fit(min, max, nil, &bbox)
+	var q queue
+	box := tr.root
+	for {
+		n := (*node)(box.data)
+		for i := 0; i < n.count; i++ {
+			dist := boxDist(&bbox, &n.boxes[i])
+			q.push(dist, n.boxes[i], height-1)
+		}
+		for q.len > 0 {
+			if q.peek().height > -1 {
+				break
+			}
+			item := q.pop()
+			if !iter(item.box.min[:], item.box.max[:], item.box.data) {
+				return
+			}
+		}
+		if q.len == 0 {
+			break
+		} else {
+			qitem := q.pop()
+			box = qitem.box
+			height = qitem.height
+		}
+	}
+}
+
+func boxDist(a, b *box) float64 {
+	var dist float64
+	for i := 0; i < len(a.min); i++ {
+		var min, max float64
+		if a.min[i] > b.min[i] {
+			min = a.min[i]
+		} else {
+			min = b.min[i]
+		}
+		if a.max[i] < b.max[i] {
+			max = a.max[i]
+		} else {
+			max = b.max[i]
+		}
+		squared := min - max
+		if squared > 0 {
+			dist += squared * squared
+		}
+	}
+	return dist
+}
+
+// Bounds returns the minimum bounding box
+func (tr *BoxTree) Bounds() (min, max []float64) {
+	if tr.root.data == nil {
+		return
+	}
+	return tr.root.min[:], tr.root.max[:]
+}
diff --git a/internal/collection/ptrrtree/rtree_test.go b/internal/collection/ptrrtree/rtree_test.go
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..c7db757e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/internal/collection/ptrrtree/rtree_test.go
@@ -0,0 +1,383 @@
+package ptrrtree
+
+import (
+	"fmt"
+	"math/rand"
+	"sort"
+	"strconv"
+	"strings"
+	"testing"
+	"time"
+	"unsafe"
+)
+
+type tBox struct {
+	min [dims]float64
+	max [dims]float64
+}
+
+var boxes []*tBox
+var points []*tBox
+
+func init() {
+	seed := time.Now().UnixNano()
+	// seed = 1532132365683340889
+	println("seed:", seed)
+	rand.Seed(seed)
+}
+
+func randPoints(N int) []*tBox {
+	boxes := make([]*tBox, N)
+	for i := 0; i < N; i++ {
+		boxes[i] = new(tBox)
+		boxes[i].min[0] = rand.Float64()*360 - 180
+		boxes[i].min[1] = rand.Float64()*180 - 90
+		for j := 2; j < dims; j++ {
+			boxes[i].min[j] = rand.Float64()
+		}
+		boxes[i].max = boxes[i].min
+	}
+	return boxes
+}
+
+func randBoxes(N int) []*tBox {
+	boxes := make([]*tBox, N)
+	for i := 0; i < N; i++ {
+		boxes[i] = new(tBox)
+		boxes[i].min[0] = rand.Float64()*360 - 180
+		boxes[i].min[1] = rand.Float64()*180 - 90
+		for j := 2; j < dims; j++ {
+			boxes[i].min[j] = rand.Float64() * 100
+		}
+		boxes[i].max[0] = boxes[i].min[0] + rand.Float64()
+		boxes[i].max[1] = boxes[i].min[1] + rand.Float64()
+		for j := 2; j < dims; j++ {
+			boxes[i].max[j] = boxes[i].min[j] + rand.Float64()
+		}
+		if boxes[i].max[0] > 180 || boxes[i].max[1] > 90 {
+			i--
+		}
+	}
+	return boxes
+}
+
+func sortBoxes(boxes []*tBox) {
+	sort.Slice(boxes, func(i, j int) bool {
+		for k := 0; k < len(boxes[i].min); k++ {
+			if boxes[i].min[k] < boxes[j].min[k] {
+				return true
+			}
+			if boxes[i].min[k] > boxes[j].min[k] {
+				return false
+			}
+			if boxes[i].max[k] < boxes[j].max[k] {
+				return true
+			}
+			if boxes[i].max[k] > boxes[j].max[k] {
+				return false
+			}
+		}
+		return i < j
+	})
+}
+
+func sortBoxesNearby(boxes []tBox, min, max []float64) {
+	sort.Slice(boxes, func(i, j int) bool {
+		return testBoxDist(boxes[i].min[:], boxes[i].max[:], min, max) <
+			testBoxDist(boxes[j].min[:], boxes[j].max[:], min, max)
+	})
+}
+
+func testBoxDist(amin, amax, bmin, bmax []float64) float64 {
+	var dist float64
+	for i := 0; i < len(amin); i++ {
+		var min, max float64
+		if amin[i] > bmin[i] {
+			min = amin[i]
+		} else {
+			min = bmin[i]
+		}
+		if amax[i] < bmax[i] {
+			max = amax[i]
+		} else {
+			max = bmax[i]
+		}
+		squared := min - max
+		if squared > 0 {
+			dist += squared * squared
+		}
+	}
+	return dist
+}
+
+func testBoxesVarious(t *testing.T, boxes []*tBox, label string) {
+	N := len(boxes)
+
+	var tr BoxTree
+
+	// N := 10000
+	// boxes := randPoints(N)
+
+	/////////////////////////////////////////
+	// insert
+	/////////////////////////////////////////
+	for i := 0; i < N; i++ {
+		tr.Insert(boxes[i].min[:], boxes[i].max[:], unsafe.Pointer(boxes[i]))
+	}
+	if tr.Count() != N {
+		t.Fatalf("expected %d, got %d", N, tr.Count())
+	}
+	// area := tr.TotalOverlapArea()
+	// fmt.Printf("overlap:    %.0f, %.1f/item\n", area, area/float64(N))
+
+	//	ioutil.WriteFile(label+".svg", []byte(rtreetools.SVG(&tr)), 0600)
+
+	/////////////////////////////////////////
+	// scan all items and count one-by-one
+	/////////////////////////////////////////
+	var count int
+	tr.Scan(func(min, max []float64, value unsafe.Pointer) bool {
+		count++
+		return true
+	})
+	if count != N {
+		t.Fatalf("expected %d, got %d", N, count)
+	}
+
+	/////////////////////////////////////////
+	// check every point for correctness
+	/////////////////////////////////////////
+	var tboxes1 []*tBox
+	tr.Scan(func(min, max []float64, value unsafe.Pointer) bool {
+		tboxes1 = append(tboxes1, (*tBox)(value))
+		return true
+	})
+	tboxes2 := make([]*tBox, len(boxes))
+	copy(tboxes2, boxes)
+	sortBoxes(tboxes1)
+	sortBoxes(tboxes2)
+	for i := 0; i < len(tboxes1); i++ {
+		if tboxes1[i] != tboxes2[i] {
+			t.Fatalf("expected '%v', got '%v'", tboxes2[i], tboxes1[i])
+		}
+	}
+
+	/////////////////////////////////////////
+	// search for each item one-by-one
+	/////////////////////////////////////////
+	for i := 0; i < N; i++ {
+		var found bool
+		tr.Search(boxes[i].min[:], boxes[i].max[:],
+			func(min, max []float64, value unsafe.Pointer) bool {
+				if value == unsafe.Pointer(boxes[i]) {
+					found = true
+					return false
+				}
+				return true
+			})
+		if !found {
+			t.Fatalf("did not find item %d", i)
+		}
+	}
+
+	centerMin, centerMax := []float64{-18, -9}, []float64{18, 9}
+	for j := 2; j < dims; j++ {
+		centerMin = append(centerMin, -10)
+		centerMax = append(centerMax, 10)
+	}
+
+	/////////////////////////////////////////
+	// search for 10% of the items
+	/////////////////////////////////////////
+	for i := 0; i < N/5; i++ {
+		var count int
+		tr.Search(centerMin, centerMax,
+			func(min, max []float64, value unsafe.Pointer) bool {
+				count++
+				return true
+			},
+		)
+	}
+
+	/////////////////////////////////////////
+	// delete every other item
+	/////////////////////////////////////////
+	for i := 0; i < N/2; i++ {
+		j := i * 2
+		tr.Delete(boxes[j].min[:], boxes[j].max[:], unsafe.Pointer(boxes[j]))
+	}
+
+	/////////////////////////////////////////
+	// count all items. should be half of N
+	/////////////////////////////////////////
+	count = 0
+	tr.Scan(func(min, max []float64, value unsafe.Pointer) bool {
+		count++
+		return true
+	})
+	if count != N/2 {
+		t.Fatalf("expected %d, got %d", N/2, count)
+	}
+
+	///////////////////////////////////////////////////
+	// reinsert every other item, but in random order
+	///////////////////////////////////////////////////
+	var ij []int
+	for i := 0; i < N/2; i++ {
+		j := i * 2
+		ij = append(ij, j)
+	}
+	rand.Shuffle(len(ij), func(i, j int) {
+		ij[i], ij[j] = ij[j], ij[i]
+	})
+	for i := 0; i < N/2; i++ {
+		j := ij[i]
+		tr.Insert(boxes[j].min[:], boxes[j].max[:], unsafe.Pointer(boxes[j]))
+	}
+
+	//////////////////////////////////////////////////////
+	// replace each item with an item that is very close
+	//////////////////////////////////////////////////////
+	var nboxes = make([]*tBox, N)
+	for i := 0; i < N; i++ {
+		nboxes[i] = new(tBox)
+		for j := 0; j < len(boxes[i].min); j++ {
+			nboxes[i].min[j] = boxes[i].min[j] + (rand.Float64() - 0.5)
+			if boxes[i].min == boxes[i].max {
+				nboxes[i].max[j] = nboxes[i].min[j]
+			} else {
+				nboxes[i].max[j] = boxes[i].max[j] + (rand.Float64() - 0.5)
+			}
+		}
+
+	}
+	for i := 0; i < N; i++ {
+		tr.Insert(nboxes[i].min[:], nboxes[i].max[:], unsafe.Pointer(nboxes[i]))
+		tr.Delete(boxes[i].min[:], boxes[i].max[:], unsafe.Pointer(boxes[i]))
+	}
+	if tr.Count() != N {
+		t.Fatalf("expected %d, got %d", N, tr.Count())
+	}
+	// area = tr.TotalOverlapArea()
+	// fmt.Fprintf(wr, "overlap:    %.0f, %.1f/item\n", area, area/float64(N))
+
+	/////////////////////////////////////////
+	// check every point for correctness
+	/////////////////////////////////////////
+	tboxes1 = nil
+	tr.Scan(func(min, max []float64, value unsafe.Pointer) bool {
+		tboxes1 = append(tboxes1, (*tBox)(value))
+		return true
+	})
+	tboxes2 = make([]*tBox, len(nboxes))
+	copy(tboxes2, nboxes)
+	sortBoxes(tboxes1)
+	sortBoxes(tboxes2)
+	for i := 0; i < len(tboxes1); i++ {
+		if tboxes1[i] != tboxes2[i] {
+			t.Fatalf("expected '%v', got '%v'", tboxes2[i], tboxes1[i])
+		}
+	}
+
+	/////////////////////////////////////////
+	// search for 10% of the items
+	/////////////////////////////////////////
+	for i := 0; i < N/5; i++ {
+		var count int
+		tr.Search(centerMin, centerMax,
+			func(min, max []float64, value unsafe.Pointer) bool {
+				count++
+				return true
+			},
+		)
+	}
+
+	var boxes3 []*tBox
+	tr.Nearby(centerMin, centerMax,
+		func(min, max []float64, value unsafe.Pointer) bool {
+			boxes3 = append(boxes3, (*tBox)(value))
+			return true
+		},
+	)
+	if len(boxes3) != len(nboxes) {
+		t.Fatalf("expected %d, got %d", len(nboxes), len(boxes3))
+	}
+	if len(boxes3) != tr.Count() {
+		t.Fatalf("expected %d, got %d", tr.Count(), len(boxes3))
+	}
+	var ldist float64
+	for i, box := range boxes3 {
+		dist := testBoxDist(box.min[:], box.max[:], centerMin, centerMax)
+		if i > 0 && dist < ldist {
+			t.Fatalf("out of order")
+		}
+		ldist = dist
+	}
+}
+
+func TestRandomBoxes(t *testing.T) {
+	testBoxesVarious(t, randBoxes(10000), "boxes")
+}
+
+func TestRandomPoints(t *testing.T) {
+	testBoxesVarious(t, randPoints(10000), "points")
+}
+
+func (r *box) boxstr() string {
+	var b []byte
+	b = append(b, '[', '[')
+	for i := 0; i < len(r.min); i++ {
+		if i != 0 {
+			b = append(b, ' ')
+		}
+		b = strconv.AppendFloat(b, r.min[i], 'f', -1, 64)
+	}
+	b = append(b, ']', '[')
+	for i := 0; i < len(r.max); i++ {
+		if i != 0 {
+			b = append(b, ' ')
+		}
+		b = strconv.AppendFloat(b, r.max[i], 'f', -1, 64)
+	}
+	b = append(b, ']', ']')
+	return string(b)
+}
+
+func (r *box) print(height, indent int) {
+	fmt.Printf("%s%s", strings.Repeat("  ", indent), r.boxstr())
+	if height == 0 {
+		fmt.Printf("\t'%v'\n", r.data)
+	} else {
+		fmt.Printf("\n")
+		for i := 0; i < (*node)(r.data).count; i++ {
+			(*node)(r.data).boxes[i].print(height-1, indent+1)
+		}
+	}
+
+}
+
+func (tr BoxTree) print() {
+	if tr.root.data == nil {
+		println("EMPTY TREE")
+		return
+	}
+	tr.root.print(tr.height+1, 0)
+}
+
+func TestZeroPoints(t *testing.T) {
+	N := 10000
+	var tr BoxTree
+	pt := make([]float64, dims)
+	for i := 0; i < N; i++ {
+		tr.Insert(pt, nil, nil)
+	}
+}
+
+func BenchmarkRandomInsert(b *testing.B) {
+	var tr BoxTree
+	boxes := randBoxes(b.N)
+	b.ResetTimer()
+	for i := 0; i < b.N; i++ {
+		tr.Insert(boxes[i].min[:], boxes[i].max[:], nil)
+	}
+}