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Creating a New JWT
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<h1 id="creating-a-new-jwt">Creating a New JWT</h1>
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<p>One of the primary goals of this library is to create a new JWT (or in short
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<em>token</em>).</p>
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<h2 id="with-default-options">With Default Options</h2>
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<p>The easiest way to create a token is to use the
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<a href="https://pkg.go.dev/github.com/golang-jwt/jwt/v5#New"><code>jwt.New</code></a> function. It
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then needs one of the available <a href="../signing_methods/">signing methods</a>, to
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finally sign and convert the token into a string format (using the
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<a href="https://pkg.go.dev/github.com/golang-jwt/jwt/v5#Token.SignedString"><code>SignedString</code></a>
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method). In the first example, we are using a <strong>symmetric</strong> signing method, i.e.,
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HS256. For a symmetric method, both the signing and the verifying key are the
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same and thus, both must be equally protected (and should definitely NOT be
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stored in your code).</p>
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<div class="language-go highlight"><pre><span></span><code><span id="__span-0-1"><a id="__codelineno-0-1" name="__codelineno-0-1" href="#__codelineno-0-1"></a><span class="kd">var</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">(</span>
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</span><span id="__span-0-2"><a id="__codelineno-0-2" name="__codelineno-0-2" href="#__codelineno-0-2"></a><span class="w"> </span><span class="nx">key</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">[]</span><span class="kt">byte</span>
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</span><span id="__span-0-3"><a id="__codelineno-0-3" name="__codelineno-0-3" href="#__codelineno-0-3"></a><span class="w"> </span><span class="nx">t</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">*</span><span class="nx">jwt</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="nx">Token</span>
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</span><span id="__span-0-4"><a id="__codelineno-0-4" name="__codelineno-0-4" href="#__codelineno-0-4"></a><span class="w"> </span><span class="nx">s</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="kt">string</span>
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</span><span id="__span-0-5"><a id="__codelineno-0-5" name="__codelineno-0-5" href="#__codelineno-0-5"></a><span class="p">)</span>
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</span><span id="__span-0-6"><a id="__codelineno-0-6" name="__codelineno-0-6" href="#__codelineno-0-6"></a>
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</span><span id="__span-0-7"><a id="__codelineno-0-7" name="__codelineno-0-7" href="#__codelineno-0-7"></a><span class="nx">key</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">=</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="cm">/* Load key from somewhere, for example an environment variable */</span>
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</span><span id="__span-0-8"><a id="__codelineno-0-8" name="__codelineno-0-8" href="#__codelineno-0-8"></a><span class="nx">t</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">=</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nx">jwt</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="nx">New</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="nx">jwt</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="nx">SigningMethodHS256</span><span class="p">)</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="c1">// (1)!</span>
|
|
</span><span id="__span-0-9"><a id="__codelineno-0-9" name="__codelineno-0-9" href="#__codelineno-0-9"></a><span class="nx">s</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">=</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nx">t</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="nx">SignedString</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="nx">key</span><span class="p">)</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="c1">// (2)!</span>
|
|
</span></code></pre></div>
|
|
<ol>
|
|
<li>This initializes a new
|
|
<a href="https://pkg.go.dev/github.com/golang-jwt/jwt/v5#Token"><code>jwt.Token</code></a> struct
|
|
based on the supplied signing method. In this case a <strong>symmetric</strong> method is
|
|
chosen.</li>
|
|
<li>This step computes a cryptographic signature based on the supplied key. </li>
|
|
</ol>
|
|
<p>Signing using an <em>asymmetric</em> signing method (for example ECDSA) works quite
|
|
similar. For an <strong>asymmetric</strong> method, the private key (which must be kept
|
|
secret) is used to <em>sign</em> and the corresponding public key (which can be freely
|
|
transmitted) is used to <em>verify</em> the token.</p>
|
|
<div class="language-go highlight"><pre><span></span><code><span id="__span-1-1"><a id="__codelineno-1-1" name="__codelineno-1-1" href="#__codelineno-1-1"></a><span class="kd">var</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">(</span>
|
|
</span><span id="__span-1-2"><a id="__codelineno-1-2" name="__codelineno-1-2" href="#__codelineno-1-2"></a><span class="w"> </span><span class="nx">key</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">*</span><span class="nx">ecdsa</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="nx">PrivateKey</span>
|
|
</span><span id="__span-1-3"><a id="__codelineno-1-3" name="__codelineno-1-3" href="#__codelineno-1-3"></a><span class="w"> </span><span class="nx">t</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">*</span><span class="nx">jwt</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="nx">Token</span>
|
|
</span><span id="__span-1-4"><a id="__codelineno-1-4" name="__codelineno-1-4" href="#__codelineno-1-4"></a><span class="w"> </span><span class="nx">s</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="kt">string</span>
|
|
</span><span id="__span-1-5"><a id="__codelineno-1-5" name="__codelineno-1-5" href="#__codelineno-1-5"></a><span class="p">)</span>
|
|
</span><span id="__span-1-6"><a id="__codelineno-1-6" name="__codelineno-1-6" href="#__codelineno-1-6"></a>
|
|
</span><span id="__span-1-7"><a id="__codelineno-1-7" name="__codelineno-1-7" href="#__codelineno-1-7"></a><span class="nx">key</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">=</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="cm">/* Load key from somewhere, for example a file */</span>
|
|
</span><span id="__span-1-8"><a id="__codelineno-1-8" name="__codelineno-1-8" href="#__codelineno-1-8"></a><span class="nx">t</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">=</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nx">jwt</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="nx">New</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="nx">jwt</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="nx">SigningMethodES256</span><span class="p">)</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="c1">// (1)!</span>
|
|
</span><span id="__span-1-9"><a id="__codelineno-1-9" name="__codelineno-1-9" href="#__codelineno-1-9"></a><span class="nx">s</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">=</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nx">t</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="nx">SignedString</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="nx">key</span><span class="p">)</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="c1">// (2)!</span>
|
|
</span></code></pre></div>
|
|
<ol>
|
|
<li>This initializes a new <a href="https://pkg.go.dev/github.com/golang-jwt/jwt/v5#Token"><code>jwt.Token</code></a> struct based on the supplied signing method. In this case a <strong>asymmetric</strong> method is chosen.</li>
|
|
<li>This step computes a cryptographic signature based on the supplied private
|
|
key.</li>
|
|
</ol>
|
|
<p>Note, that the chosen signing method and the type of key must match. Please refer to <a href="../signing_methods/">Signing Methods</a> for a complete overview.</p>
|
|
<h2 id="with-additional-claims">With Additional Claims</h2>
|
|
<p>While the step above using <a href="https://pkg.go.dev/github.com/golang-jwt/jwt/v5#New"><code>jwt.New</code></a> creates a valid token, it contains an empty set of <em>claims</em>. Claims are certain pieces of information that are encoded into the token. Since they are encoded and signed by the issuer of the token, one can assume that this information is valid (in the scope of the issuer). Claims can be used to provide the basis for user authentication or authorization, e.g., by encoding a user name or ID or roles into the token. This is also commonly in combination with OAuth 2.0. Furthermore, claims can also contain certain metadata about the token itself, e.g., the time until which the token is regarded as valid and not expired.</p>
|
|
<p><a href="https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/html/rfc7519">RFC 7519</a> provides a list of so called <em>registered claim names</em> <sup id="fnref:claims"><a class="footnote-ref" href="#fn:claims">1</a></sup>, which each JWT parser needs to understand. Using the <a href="https://pkg.go.dev/github.com/golang-jwt/jwt/v5#NewWithClaims"><code>jwt.NewWithClaims</code></a>, a token with different claims can be created.</p>
|
|
<div class="language-go highlight"><pre><span></span><code><span id="__span-2-1"><a id="__codelineno-2-1" name="__codelineno-2-1" href="#__codelineno-2-1"></a><span class="kd">var</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">(</span>
|
|
</span><span id="__span-2-2"><a id="__codelineno-2-2" name="__codelineno-2-2" href="#__codelineno-2-2"></a><span class="w"> </span><span class="nx">key</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">*</span><span class="nx">ecdsa</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="nx">PrivateKey</span>
|
|
</span><span id="__span-2-3"><a id="__codelineno-2-3" name="__codelineno-2-3" href="#__codelineno-2-3"></a><span class="w"> </span><span class="nx">t</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">*</span><span class="nx">jwt</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="nx">Token</span>
|
|
</span><span id="__span-2-4"><a id="__codelineno-2-4" name="__codelineno-2-4" href="#__codelineno-2-4"></a><span class="w"> </span><span class="nx">s</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="kt">string</span>
|
|
</span><span id="__span-2-5"><a id="__codelineno-2-5" name="__codelineno-2-5" href="#__codelineno-2-5"></a><span class="p">)</span>
|
|
</span><span id="__span-2-6"><a id="__codelineno-2-6" name="__codelineno-2-6" href="#__codelineno-2-6"></a>
|
|
</span><span id="__span-2-7"><a id="__codelineno-2-7" name="__codelineno-2-7" href="#__codelineno-2-7"></a><span class="nx">key</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">=</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="cm">/* Load key from somewhere, for example a file */</span>
|
|
</span><span id="__span-2-8"><a id="__codelineno-2-8" name="__codelineno-2-8" href="#__codelineno-2-8"></a><span class="nx">t</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">=</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nx">jwt</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="nx">NewWithClaims</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="nx">jwt</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="nx">SigningMethodES256</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="c1">// (1)!</span>
|
|
</span><span id="__span-2-9"><a id="__codelineno-2-9" name="__codelineno-2-9" href="#__codelineno-2-9"></a><span class="w"> </span><span class="nx">jwt</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="nx">MapClaims</span><span class="p">{</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="c1">// (2)!</span>
|
|
</span><span id="__span-2-10"><a id="__codelineno-2-10" name="__codelineno-2-10" href="#__codelineno-2-10"></a><span class="w"> </span><span class="s">"iss"</span><span class="p">:</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="s">"my-auth-server"</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="c1">// (3)!</span>
|
|
</span><span id="__span-2-11"><a id="__codelineno-2-11" name="__codelineno-2-11" href="#__codelineno-2-11"></a><span class="w"> </span><span class="s">"sub"</span><span class="p">:</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="s">"john"</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="c1">// (4)!</span>
|
|
</span><span id="__span-2-12"><a id="__codelineno-2-12" name="__codelineno-2-12" href="#__codelineno-2-12"></a><span class="w"> </span><span class="s">"foo"</span><span class="p">:</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="mi">2</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="c1">// (5)!</span>
|
|
</span><span id="__span-2-13"><a id="__codelineno-2-13" name="__codelineno-2-13" href="#__codelineno-2-13"></a><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">})</span>
|
|
</span><span id="__span-2-14"><a id="__codelineno-2-14" name="__codelineno-2-14" href="#__codelineno-2-14"></a><span class="nx">s</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">=</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nx">t</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="nx">SignedString</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="nx">key</span><span class="p">)</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="c1">// (6)!</span>
|
|
</span></code></pre></div>
|
|
<ol>
|
|
<li>This initializes a new <a href="https://pkg.go.dev/github.com/golang-jwt/jwt/v5#Token"><code>jwt.Token</code></a> struct based on the supplied signing method. In this case a <strong>asymmetric</strong> method is chosen, which is the first parameter.</li>
|
|
<li>The second parameter contains the desired claims in form of the <a href="https://pkg.go.dev/github.com/golang-jwt/jwt/v5#Claims"><code>jwt.Claims</code></a> interface. In this case <a href="https://pkg.go.dev/github.com/golang-jwt/jwt/v5#MapClaims"><code>jwt.MapClaims</code></a> are used, which is a wrapper type around a Go map containing <code>string</code> keys.</li>
|
|
<li>The <code>"sub"</code><sup id="fnref:sub"><a class="footnote-ref" href="#fn:sub">3</a></sup> claim is a registered claim name that contains the subject this token identifies, e.g. a user name. More technical, this claim identifies the principal that is the <em>subject</em> of the token.</li>
|
|
<li>The <code>"iss"</code><sup id="fnref:iss"><a class="footnote-ref" href="#fn:iss">2</a></sup> claim is a registered claim name that contains the issuer of the token. More technical, this claim identifies the principal that <em>issued</em> the token.</li>
|
|
<li>The <code>"foo"</code> claim is a custom claim containing a numeric value. Any string value can be chosen as a claim name, as long as it does not interfere with a registered claim name.</li>
|
|
<li>This step computes a cryptographic signature based on the supplied private
|
|
key.</li>
|
|
</ol>
|
|
<h2 id="with-options">With Options</h2>
|
|
<p>While we already prepared a
|
|
<a href="https://pkg.go.dev/github.com/golang-jwt/jwt/v5#TokenOption"><code>jwt.TokenOption</code></a>
|
|
type, which can be supplied as a varargs to
|
|
<a href="https://pkg.go.dev/github.com/golang-jwt/jwt/v5#New"><code>jwt.New</code></a> and
|
|
<a href="https://pkg.go.dev/github.com/golang-jwt/jwt/v5#NewWithClaims"><code>jwt.NewWithClaims</code></a>,
|
|
these are strictly for future compatibility and are currently not used.</p>
|
|
<div class="footnote">
|
|
<hr />
|
|
<ol>
|
|
<li id="fn:claims">
|
|
<p><a href="https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/html/rfc7519#section-4.1">Section 4.1 of RFC 7519</a> <a class="footnote-backref" href="#fnref:claims" title="Jump back to footnote 1 in the text">↩</a></p>
|
|
</li>
|
|
<li id="fn:iss">
|
|
<p><a href="https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/html/rfc7519#section-4.1.1">Section 4.1.1 of RFC 7519</a> <a class="footnote-backref" href="#fnref:iss" title="Jump back to footnote 2 in the text">↩</a></p>
|
|
</li>
|
|
<li id="fn:sub">
|
|
<p><a href="https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/html/rfc7519#section-4.1.2">Section 4.1.2 of RFC 7519</a> <a class="footnote-backref" href="#fnref:sub" title="Jump back to footnote 3 in the text">↩</a></p>
|
|
</li>
|
|
</ol>
|
|
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|
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