diff --git a/chainable_api.go b/chainable_api.go
index 6b91c9ad..8336b787 100644
--- a/chainable_api.go
+++ b/chainable_api.go
@@ -224,13 +224,15 @@ func (db *DB) Preload(query string, args ...interface{}) (tx *DB) {
 	return
 }
 
-func (db *DB) Assign(attrs ...interface{}) (tx *DB) {
+func (db *DB) Attrs(attrs ...interface{}) (tx *DB) {
 	tx = db.getInstance()
+	tx.Statement.attrs = attrs
 	return
 }
 
-func (db *DB) Attrs(attrs ...interface{}) (tx *DB) {
+func (db *DB) Assign(attrs ...interface{}) (tx *DB) {
 	tx = db.getInstance()
+	tx.Statement.assigns = attrs
 	return
 }
 
diff --git a/clause/expression.go b/clause/expression.go
index 872736ce..067774d4 100644
--- a/clause/expression.go
+++ b/clause/expression.go
@@ -171,14 +171,3 @@ func (like Like) NegationBuild(builder Builder) {
 	builder.WriteString(" NOT LIKE ")
 	builder.AddVar(builder, like.Value)
 }
-
-// Map
-type Map map[interface{}]interface{}
-
-func (m Map) Build(builder Builder) {
-	// TODO
-}
-
-func (m Map) NegationBuild(builder Builder) {
-	// TODO
-}
diff --git a/finisher_api.go b/finisher_api.go
index 04b25ed2..2590e422 100644
--- a/finisher_api.go
+++ b/finisher_api.go
@@ -2,6 +2,7 @@ package gorm
 
 import (
 	"database/sql"
+	"errors"
 	"reflect"
 	"strings"
 
@@ -99,13 +100,56 @@ func (db *DB) Find(dest interface{}, conds ...interface{}) (tx *DB) {
 	return
 }
 
-func (db *DB) FirstOrInit(dest interface{}, where ...interface{}) (tx *DB) {
+func (tx *DB) assignExprsToValue(exprs []clause.Expression) {
+	for _, expr := range exprs {
+		if eq, ok := expr.(clause.Eq); ok {
+			switch column := eq.Column.(type) {
+			case string:
+				if field := tx.Statement.Schema.LookUpField(column); field != nil {
+					field.Set(tx.Statement.ReflectValue, eq.Value)
+				}
+			case clause.Column:
+				if field := tx.Statement.Schema.LookUpField(column.Name); field != nil {
+					field.Set(tx.Statement.ReflectValue, eq.Value)
+				}
+			default:
+			}
+		}
+	}
+}
+
+func (db *DB) FirstOrInit(dest interface{}, conds ...interface{}) (tx *DB) {
 	tx = db.getInstance()
+	if tx = tx.First(dest, conds...); errors.Is(tx.Error, ErrRecordNotFound) {
+		if c, ok := tx.Statement.Clauses["WHERE"]; ok {
+			if where, ok := c.Expression.(clause.Where); ok {
+				tx.assignExprsToValue(where.Exprs)
+			}
+		}
+
+		// initialize with attrs, conds
+		if len(tx.Statement.attrs) > 0 {
+			exprs := tx.Statement.BuildCondtion(tx.Statement.attrs[0], tx.Statement.attrs[1:])
+			tx.assignExprsToValue(exprs)
+		}
+		tx.Error = nil
+	}
+
+	// initialize with attrs, conds
+	if len(tx.Statement.assigns) > 0 {
+		exprs := tx.Statement.BuildCondtion(tx.Statement.assigns[0], tx.Statement.assigns[1:])
+		tx.assignExprsToValue(exprs)
+	}
 	return
 }
 
 func (db *DB) FirstOrCreate(dest interface{}, where ...interface{}) (tx *DB) {
 	tx = db.getInstance()
+	// if err := tx.First(dest, conds...).Error; errors.Is(err, ErrRecordNotFound) {
+	// 	// initialize with attrs, conds
+	// }
+
+	// assign dest
 	return
 }
 
diff --git a/statement.go b/statement.go
index d37622dd..51dea6fc 100644
--- a/statement.go
+++ b/statement.go
@@ -34,6 +34,8 @@ type Statement struct {
 	SQL                  strings.Builder
 	Vars                 []interface{}
 	NamedVars            []sql.NamedArg
+	attrs                []interface{}
+	assigns              []interface{}
 }
 
 // StatementModifier statement modifier interface
@@ -195,7 +197,7 @@ func (stmt *Statement) AddClauseIfNotExists(v clause.Interface) {
 }
 
 // BuildCondtion build condition
-func (stmt Statement) BuildCondtion(query interface{}, args ...interface{}) (conditions []clause.Expression) {
+func (stmt Statement) BuildCondtion(query interface{}, args ...interface{}) (conds []clause.Expression) {
 	if sql, ok := query.(string); ok {
 		if i, err := strconv.Atoi(sql); err == nil {
 			query = i
@@ -212,42 +214,53 @@ func (stmt Statement) BuildCondtion(query interface{}, args ...interface{}) (con
 
 		switch v := arg.(type) {
 		case clause.Expression:
-			conditions = append(conditions, v)
+			conds = append(conds, v)
 		case *DB:
 			if v.Statement == nil {
 				if cs, ok := v.Statement.Clauses["WHERE"]; ok {
-					conditions = append(conditions, cs.Expression)
+					conds = append(conds, cs.Expression)
 				}
 			}
 		case map[interface{}]interface{}:
-			var clauseMap = clause.Map{}
 			for i, j := range v {
-				clauseMap[i] = j
+				conds = append(conds, clause.Eq{Column: i, Value: j})
 			}
-			conditions = append(conditions, clauseMap)
 		case map[string]string:
-			var clauseMap = clause.Map{}
 			for i, j := range v {
-				clauseMap[i] = j
+				conds = append(conds, clause.Eq{Column: i, Value: j})
 			}
-			conditions = append(conditions, clauseMap)
 		case map[string]interface{}:
-			var clauseMap = clause.Map{}
 			for i, j := range v {
-				clauseMap[i] = j
+				conds = append(conds, clause.Eq{Column: i, Value: j})
 			}
-			conditions = append(conditions, clauseMap)
 		default:
-			// TODO check is struct
-			// struct, slice -> ids
+			reflectValue := reflect.Indirect(reflect.ValueOf(arg))
+			if s, err := schema.Parse(arg, stmt.DB.cacheStore, stmt.DB.NamingStrategy); err == nil {
+				switch reflectValue.Kind() {
+				case reflect.Struct:
+					for _, field := range s.FieldsByDBName {
+						if v, isZero := field.ValueOf(reflectValue); !isZero {
+							conds = append(conds, clause.Eq{Column: field.DBName, Value: v})
+						}
+					}
+				case reflect.Slice, reflect.Array:
+					for i := 0; i < reflectValue.Len(); i++ {
+						for _, field := range s.FieldsByDBName {
+							if v, isZero := field.ValueOf(reflectValue.Index(i)); !isZero {
+								conds = append(conds, clause.Eq{Column: field.DBName, Value: v})
+							}
+						}
+					}
+				}
+			}
 		}
 	}
 
-	if len(conditions) == 0 {
-		conditions = append(conditions, clause.IN{Column: clause.PrimaryColumn, Values: args})
+	if len(conds) == 0 {
+		conds = append(conds, clause.IN{Column: clause.PrimaryColumn, Values: args})
 	}
 
-	return conditions
+	return
 }
 
 // Build build sql with clauses names
@@ -337,7 +350,7 @@ func (stmt *Statement) reinit() {
 	// 	return true
 	// })
 
-	stmt.Schema = nil
+	// stmt.Schema = nil
 	stmt.SQL.Reset()
 	stmt.Vars = nil
 	stmt.NamedVars = nil
diff --git a/tests/upsert_test.go b/tests/upsert_test.go
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..728550d5
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/upsert_test.go
@@ -0,0 +1,56 @@
+package tests_test
+
+import (
+	"testing"
+
+	. "github.com/jinzhu/gorm/tests"
+)
+
+func TestFindOrInitialize(t *testing.T) {
+	var user1, user2, user3, user4, user5, user6 User
+	if err := DB.Where(&User{Name: "find or init", Age: 33}).FirstOrInit(&user1).Error; err != nil {
+		t.Errorf("no error should happen when FirstOrInit, but got %v", err)
+	}
+	if user1.Name != "find or init" || user1.ID != 0 || user1.Age != 33 {
+		t.Errorf("user should be initialized with search value")
+	}
+
+	DB.Where(User{Name: "find or init", Age: 33}).FirstOrInit(&user2)
+	if user2.Name != "find or init" || user2.ID != 0 || user2.Age != 33 {
+		t.Errorf("user should be initialized with search value")
+	}
+
+	DB.FirstOrInit(&user3, map[string]interface{}{"name": "find or init 2"})
+	if user3.Name != "find or init 2" || user3.ID != 0 {
+		t.Errorf("user should be initialized with inline search value")
+	}
+
+	DB.Where(&User{Name: "find or init"}).Attrs(User{Age: 44}).FirstOrInit(&user4)
+	if user4.Name != "find or init" || user4.ID != 0 || user4.Age != 44 {
+		t.Errorf("user should be initialized with search value and attrs")
+	}
+
+	DB.Where(&User{Name: "find or init"}).Assign("age", 44).FirstOrInit(&user4)
+	if user4.Name != "find or init" || user4.ID != 0 || user4.Age != 44 {
+		t.Errorf("user should be initialized with search value and assign attrs")
+	}
+
+	DB.Save(&User{Name: "find or init", Age: 33})
+	DB.Where(&User{Name: "find or init"}).Attrs("age", 44).FirstOrInit(&user5)
+	if user5.Name != "find or init" || user5.ID == 0 || user5.Age != 33 {
+		t.Errorf("user should be found and not initialized by Attrs")
+	}
+
+	DB.Where(&User{Name: "find or init", Age: 33}).FirstOrInit(&user6)
+	if user6.Name != "find or init" || user6.ID == 0 || user6.Age != 33 {
+		t.Errorf("user should be found with FirstOrInit")
+	}
+
+	DB.Where(&User{Name: "find or init"}).Assign(User{Age: 44}).FirstOrInit(&user6)
+	if user6.Name != "find or init" || user6.ID == 0 || user6.Age != 44 {
+		t.Errorf("user should be found and updated with assigned attrs")
+	}
+}
+
+func TestFindOrCreate(t *testing.T) {
+}