diff --git a/encode.go b/encode.go
index 58f019a..2247322 100644
--- a/encode.go
+++ b/encode.go
@@ -179,11 +179,19 @@ func (e *Encoder) encode(v interface{}) error {
 	// noescape trick for header.typ ( reflect.*rtype )
 	copiedType := (*rtype)(unsafe.Pointer(typeptr))
 
-	codeIndent, err := e.compileHead(copiedType, true)
+	codeIndent, err := e.compileHead(&encodeCompileContext{
+		typ:        copiedType,
+		root:       true,
+		withIndent: true,
+	})
 	if err != nil {
 		return err
 	}
-	code, err := e.compileHead(copiedType, false)
+	code, err := e.compileHead(&encodeCompileContext{
+		typ:        copiedType,
+		root:       true,
+		withIndent: false,
+	})
 	if err != nil {
 		return err
 	}
diff --git a/encode_compile.go b/encode_compile.go
index 9dc7ec2..229c485 100644
--- a/encode_compile.go
+++ b/encode_compile.go
@@ -6,8 +6,8 @@ import (
 	"unsafe"
 )
 
-func (e *Encoder) compileHead(typ *rtype, withIndent bool) (*opcode, error) {
-	root := true
+func (e *Encoder) compileHead(ctx *encodeCompileContext) (*opcode, error) {
+	typ := ctx.typ
 	switch {
 	case typ.Implements(marshalJSONType):
 		return newOpCode(opMarshalJSON, typ, e.indent, newEndOp(e.indent)), nil
@@ -24,11 +24,11 @@ func (e *Encoder) compileHead(typ *rtype, withIndent bool) (*opcode, error) {
 		isPtr = true
 	}
 	if typ.Kind() == reflect.Map {
-		return e.compileMap(typ, isPtr, root, withIndent)
+		return e.compileMap(ctx.withType(typ), isPtr)
 	} else if typ.Kind() == reflect.Struct {
-		return e.compileStruct(typ, isPtr, root, withIndent)
+		return e.compileStruct(ctx.withType(typ), isPtr)
 	}
-	return e.compile(typ, root, withIndent)
+	return e.compile(ctx.withType(typ))
 }
 
 func (e *Encoder) implementsMarshaler(typ *rtype) bool {
@@ -45,7 +45,8 @@ func (e *Encoder) implementsMarshaler(typ *rtype) bool {
 	return false
 }
 
-func (e *Encoder) compile(typ *rtype, root, withIndent bool) (*opcode, error) {
+func (e *Encoder) compile(ctx *encodeCompileContext) (*opcode, error) {
+	typ := ctx.typ
 	switch {
 	case typ.Implements(marshalJSONType):
 		return newOpCode(opMarshalJSON, typ, e.indent, newEndOp(e.indent)), nil
@@ -58,56 +59,57 @@ func (e *Encoder) compile(typ *rtype, root, withIndent bool) (*opcode, error) {
 	}
 	switch typ.Kind() {
 	case reflect.Ptr:
-		return e.compilePtr(typ, root, withIndent)
+		return e.compilePtr(ctx)
 	case reflect.Slice:
 		elem := typ.Elem()
 		if !e.implementsMarshaler(elem) && elem.Kind() == reflect.Uint8 {
-			return e.compileBytes(typ)
+			return e.compileBytes(ctx)
 		}
-		return e.compileSlice(typ, root, withIndent)
+		return e.compileSlice(ctx)
 	case reflect.Array:
-		return e.compileArray(typ, root, withIndent)
+		return e.compileArray(ctx)
 	case reflect.Map:
-		return e.compileMap(typ, true, root, withIndent)
+		return e.compileMap(ctx, true)
 	case reflect.Struct:
-		return e.compileStruct(typ, false, root, withIndent)
+		return e.compileStruct(ctx, false)
 	case reflect.Interface:
-		return e.compileInterface(typ, root)
+		return e.compileInterface(ctx)
 	case reflect.Int:
-		return e.compileInt(typ)
+		return e.compileInt(ctx)
 	case reflect.Int8:
-		return e.compileInt8(typ)
+		return e.compileInt8(ctx)
 	case reflect.Int16:
-		return e.compileInt16(typ)
+		return e.compileInt16(ctx)
 	case reflect.Int32:
-		return e.compileInt32(typ)
+		return e.compileInt32(ctx)
 	case reflect.Int64:
-		return e.compileInt64(typ)
+		return e.compileInt64(ctx)
 	case reflect.Uint:
-		return e.compileUint(typ)
+		return e.compileUint(ctx)
 	case reflect.Uint8:
-		return e.compileUint8(typ)
+		return e.compileUint8(ctx)
 	case reflect.Uint16:
-		return e.compileUint16(typ)
+		return e.compileUint16(ctx)
 	case reflect.Uint32:
-		return e.compileUint32(typ)
+		return e.compileUint32(ctx)
 	case reflect.Uint64:
-		return e.compileUint64(typ)
+		return e.compileUint64(ctx)
 	case reflect.Uintptr:
-		return e.compileUint(typ)
+		return e.compileUint(ctx)
 	case reflect.Float32:
-		return e.compileFloat32(typ)
+		return e.compileFloat32(ctx)
 	case reflect.Float64:
-		return e.compileFloat64(typ)
+		return e.compileFloat64(ctx)
 	case reflect.String:
-		return e.compileString(typ)
+		return e.compileString(ctx)
 	case reflect.Bool:
-		return e.compileBool(typ)
+		return e.compileBool(ctx)
 	}
 	return nil, &UnsupportedTypeError{Type: rtype2type(typ)}
 }
 
-func (e *Encoder) compileKey(typ *rtype, root, withIndent bool) (*opcode, error) {
+func (e *Encoder) compileKey(ctx *encodeCompileContext) (*opcode, error) {
+	typ := ctx.typ
 	switch {
 	case typ.Implements(marshalJSONType):
 		return newOpCode(opMarshalJSON, typ, e.indent, newEndOp(e.indent)), nil
@@ -120,44 +122,17 @@ func (e *Encoder) compileKey(typ *rtype, root, withIndent bool) (*opcode, error)
 	}
 	switch typ.Kind() {
 	case reflect.Ptr:
-		return e.compilePtr(typ, root, withIndent)
+		return e.compilePtr(ctx)
 	case reflect.Interface:
-		return e.compileInterface(typ, root)
-	case reflect.Int:
-		return e.compileInt(typ)
-	case reflect.Int8:
-		return e.compileInt8(typ)
-	case reflect.Int16:
-		return e.compileInt16(typ)
-	case reflect.Int32:
-		return e.compileInt32(typ)
-	case reflect.Int64:
-		return e.compileInt64(typ)
-	case reflect.Uint:
-		return e.compileUint(typ)
-	case reflect.Uint8:
-		return e.compileUint8(typ)
-	case reflect.Uint16:
-		return e.compileUint16(typ)
-	case reflect.Uint32:
-		return e.compileUint32(typ)
-	case reflect.Uint64:
-		return e.compileUint64(typ)
-	case reflect.Uintptr:
-		return e.compileUint(typ)
-	case reflect.Float32:
-		return e.compileFloat32(typ)
-	case reflect.Float64:
-		return e.compileFloat64(typ)
+		return e.compileInterface(ctx)
 	case reflect.String:
-		return e.compileString(typ)
-	case reflect.Bool:
-		return e.compileBool(typ)
+		return e.compileString(ctx)
 	}
 	return nil, &UnsupportedTypeError{Type: rtype2type(typ)}
 }
 
-func (e *Encoder) optimizeStructFieldPtrHead(typ *rtype, code *opcode) *opcode {
+func (e *Encoder) optimizeStructFieldPtrHead(ctx *encodeCompileContext, code *opcode) *opcode {
+	typ := ctx.typ
 	ptrHeadOp := code.op.headToPtrHead()
 	if code.op != ptrHeadOp {
 		code.op = ptrHeadOp
@@ -166,92 +141,93 @@ func (e *Encoder) optimizeStructFieldPtrHead(typ *rtype, code *opcode) *opcode {
 	return newOpCode(opPtr, typ, e.indent, code)
 }
 
-func (e *Encoder) compilePtr(typ *rtype, root, withIndent bool) (*opcode, error) {
-	code, err := e.compile(typ.Elem(), root, withIndent)
+func (e *Encoder) compilePtr(ctx *encodeCompileContext) (*opcode, error) {
+	code, err := e.compile(ctx.withType(ctx.typ.Elem()))
 	if err != nil {
 		return nil, err
 	}
-	return e.optimizeStructFieldPtrHead(typ, code), nil
+	return e.optimizeStructFieldPtrHead(ctx, code), nil
 }
 
-func (e *Encoder) compileInt(typ *rtype) (*opcode, error) {
-	return newOpCode(opInt, typ, e.indent, newEndOp(e.indent)), nil
+func (e *Encoder) compileInt(ctx *encodeCompileContext) (*opcode, error) {
+	return newOpCode(opInt, ctx.typ, e.indent, newEndOp(e.indent)), nil
 }
 
-func (e *Encoder) compileInt8(typ *rtype) (*opcode, error) {
-	return newOpCode(opInt8, typ, e.indent, newEndOp(e.indent)), nil
+func (e *Encoder) compileInt8(ctx *encodeCompileContext) (*opcode, error) {
+	return newOpCode(opInt8, ctx.typ, e.indent, newEndOp(e.indent)), nil
 }
 
-func (e *Encoder) compileInt16(typ *rtype) (*opcode, error) {
-	return newOpCode(opInt16, typ, e.indent, newEndOp(e.indent)), nil
+func (e *Encoder) compileInt16(ctx *encodeCompileContext) (*opcode, error) {
+	return newOpCode(opInt16, ctx.typ, e.indent, newEndOp(e.indent)), nil
 }
 
-func (e *Encoder) compileInt32(typ *rtype) (*opcode, error) {
-	return newOpCode(opInt32, typ, e.indent, newEndOp(e.indent)), nil
+func (e *Encoder) compileInt32(ctx *encodeCompileContext) (*opcode, error) {
+	return newOpCode(opInt32, ctx.typ, e.indent, newEndOp(e.indent)), nil
 }
 
-func (e *Encoder) compileInt64(typ *rtype) (*opcode, error) {
-	return newOpCode(opInt64, typ, e.indent, newEndOp(e.indent)), nil
+func (e *Encoder) compileInt64(ctx *encodeCompileContext) (*opcode, error) {
+	return newOpCode(opInt64, ctx.typ, e.indent, newEndOp(e.indent)), nil
 }
 
-func (e *Encoder) compileUint(typ *rtype) (*opcode, error) {
-	return newOpCode(opUint, typ, e.indent, newEndOp(e.indent)), nil
+func (e *Encoder) compileUint(ctx *encodeCompileContext) (*opcode, error) {
+	return newOpCode(opUint, ctx.typ, e.indent, newEndOp(e.indent)), nil
 }
 
-func (e *Encoder) compileUint8(typ *rtype) (*opcode, error) {
-	return newOpCode(opUint8, typ, e.indent, newEndOp(e.indent)), nil
+func (e *Encoder) compileUint8(ctx *encodeCompileContext) (*opcode, error) {
+	return newOpCode(opUint8, ctx.typ, e.indent, newEndOp(e.indent)), nil
 }
 
-func (e *Encoder) compileUint16(typ *rtype) (*opcode, error) {
-	return newOpCode(opUint16, typ, e.indent, newEndOp(e.indent)), nil
+func (e *Encoder) compileUint16(ctx *encodeCompileContext) (*opcode, error) {
+	return newOpCode(opUint16, ctx.typ, e.indent, newEndOp(e.indent)), nil
 }
 
-func (e *Encoder) compileUint32(typ *rtype) (*opcode, error) {
-	return newOpCode(opUint32, typ, e.indent, newEndOp(e.indent)), nil
+func (e *Encoder) compileUint32(ctx *encodeCompileContext) (*opcode, error) {
+	return newOpCode(opUint32, ctx.typ, e.indent, newEndOp(e.indent)), nil
 }
 
-func (e *Encoder) compileUint64(typ *rtype) (*opcode, error) {
-	return newOpCode(opUint64, typ, e.indent, newEndOp(e.indent)), nil
+func (e *Encoder) compileUint64(ctx *encodeCompileContext) (*opcode, error) {
+	return newOpCode(opUint64, ctx.typ, e.indent, newEndOp(e.indent)), nil
 }
 
-func (e *Encoder) compileFloat32(typ *rtype) (*opcode, error) {
-	return newOpCode(opFloat32, typ, e.indent, newEndOp(e.indent)), nil
+func (e *Encoder) compileFloat32(ctx *encodeCompileContext) (*opcode, error) {
+	return newOpCode(opFloat32, ctx.typ, e.indent, newEndOp(e.indent)), nil
 }
 
-func (e *Encoder) compileFloat64(typ *rtype) (*opcode, error) {
-	return newOpCode(opFloat64, typ, e.indent, newEndOp(e.indent)), nil
+func (e *Encoder) compileFloat64(ctx *encodeCompileContext) (*opcode, error) {
+	return newOpCode(opFloat64, ctx.typ, e.indent, newEndOp(e.indent)), nil
 }
 
-func (e *Encoder) compileString(typ *rtype) (*opcode, error) {
-	return newOpCode(opString, typ, e.indent, newEndOp(e.indent)), nil
+func (e *Encoder) compileString(ctx *encodeCompileContext) (*opcode, error) {
+	return newOpCode(opString, ctx.typ, e.indent, newEndOp(e.indent)), nil
 }
 
-func (e *Encoder) compileBool(typ *rtype) (*opcode, error) {
-	return newOpCode(opBool, typ, e.indent, newEndOp(e.indent)), nil
+func (e *Encoder) compileBool(ctx *encodeCompileContext) (*opcode, error) {
+	return newOpCode(opBool, ctx.typ, e.indent, newEndOp(e.indent)), nil
 }
 
-func (e *Encoder) compileBytes(typ *rtype) (*opcode, error) {
-	return newOpCode(opBytes, typ, e.indent, newEndOp(e.indent)), nil
+func (e *Encoder) compileBytes(ctx *encodeCompileContext) (*opcode, error) {
+	return newOpCode(opBytes, ctx.typ, e.indent, newEndOp(e.indent)), nil
 }
 
-func (e *Encoder) compileInterface(typ *rtype, root bool) (*opcode, error) {
+func (e *Encoder) compileInterface(ctx *encodeCompileContext) (*opcode, error) {
 	return (*opcode)(unsafe.Pointer(&interfaceCode{
 		opcodeHeader: &opcodeHeader{
 			op:     opInterface,
-			typ:    typ,
+			typ:    ctx.typ,
 			indent: e.indent,
 			next:   newEndOp(e.indent),
 		},
-		root: root,
+		root: ctx.root,
 	})), nil
 }
 
-func (e *Encoder) compileSlice(typ *rtype, root, withIndent bool) (*opcode, error) {
-	elem := typ.Elem()
+func (e *Encoder) compileSlice(ctx *encodeCompileContext) (*opcode, error) {
+	ctx.root = false
+	elem := ctx.typ.Elem()
 	size := elem.Size()
 
 	e.indent++
-	code, err := e.compile(elem, false, withIndent)
+	code, err := e.compile(ctx.withType(ctx.typ.Elem()))
 	e.indent--
 
 	if err != nil {
@@ -271,8 +247,8 @@ func (e *Encoder) compileSlice(typ *rtype, root, withIndent bool) (*opcode, erro
 		size: size,
 	}
 	end := newOpCode(opSliceEnd, nil, e.indent, newEndOp(e.indent))
-	if withIndent {
-		if root {
+	if ctx.withIndent {
+		if ctx.root {
 			header.op = opRootSliceHeadIndent
 			elemCode.op = opRootSliceElemIndent
 		} else {
@@ -291,13 +267,15 @@ func (e *Encoder) compileSlice(typ *rtype, root, withIndent bool) (*opcode, erro
 	return (*opcode)(unsafe.Pointer(header)), nil
 }
 
-func (e *Encoder) compileArray(typ *rtype, root, withIndent bool) (*opcode, error) {
+func (e *Encoder) compileArray(ctx *encodeCompileContext) (*opcode, error) {
+	ctx.root = false
+	typ := ctx.typ
 	elem := typ.Elem()
 	alen := typ.Len()
 	size := elem.Size()
 
 	e.indent++
-	code, err := e.compile(elem, false, withIndent)
+	code, err := e.compile(ctx.withType(elem))
 	e.indent--
 
 	if err != nil {
@@ -317,7 +295,7 @@ func (e *Encoder) compileArray(typ *rtype, root, withIndent bool) (*opcode, erro
 	}
 	end := newOpCode(opArrayEnd, nil, e.indent, newEndOp(e.indent))
 
-	if withIndent {
+	if ctx.withIndent {
 		header.op = opArrayHeadIndent
 		elemCode.op = opArrayElemIndent
 		end.op = opArrayEndIndent
@@ -348,18 +326,19 @@ func mapiternext(it unsafe.Pointer)
 //go:noescape
 func maplen(m unsafe.Pointer) int
 
-func (e *Encoder) compileMap(typ *rtype, withLoad, root, withIndent bool) (*opcode, error) {
+func (e *Encoder) compileMap(ctx *encodeCompileContext, withLoad bool) (*opcode, error) {
 	// header => code => value => code => key => code => value => code => end
 	//                                     ^                       |
 	//                                     |_______________________|
 	e.indent++
-	keyType := typ.Key()
-	keyCode, err := e.compileKey(keyType, false, withIndent)
+	typ := ctx.typ
+	keyType := ctx.typ.Key()
+	keyCode, err := e.compileKey(ctx.withType(keyType))
 	if err != nil {
 		return nil, err
 	}
 	valueType := typ.Elem()
-	valueCode, err := e.compile(valueType, false, withIndent)
+	valueCode, err := e.compile(ctx.withType(valueType))
 	if err != nil {
 		return nil, err
 	}
@@ -374,9 +353,9 @@ func (e *Encoder) compileMap(typ *rtype, withLoad, root, withIndent bool) (*opco
 	header.value = value
 	end := newOpCode(opMapEnd, nil, e.indent, newEndOp(e.indent))
 
-	if withIndent {
+	if ctx.withIndent {
 		if header.op == opMapHead {
-			if root {
+			if ctx.root {
 				header.op = opRootMapHeadIndent
 			} else {
 				header.op = opMapHeadIndent
@@ -384,7 +363,7 @@ func (e *Encoder) compileMap(typ *rtype, withLoad, root, withIndent bool) (*opco
 		} else {
 			header.op = opMapHeadLoadIndent
 		}
-		if root {
+		if ctx.root {
 			key.op = opRootMapKeyIndent
 		} else {
 			key.op = opMapKeyIndent
@@ -549,11 +528,11 @@ func (e *Encoder) optimizeStructField(op opType, tag *structTag, withIndent bool
 	return fieldType
 }
 
-func (e *Encoder) recursiveCode(typ *rtype, code *compiledCode) *opcode {
+func (e *Encoder) recursiveCode(ctx *encodeCompileContext, code *compiledCode) *opcode {
 	return (*opcode)(unsafe.Pointer(&recursiveCode{
 		opcodeHeader: &opcodeHeader{
 			op:     opStructFieldRecursive,
-			typ:    typ,
+			typ:    ctx.typ,
 			indent: e.indent,
 			next:   newEndOp(e.indent),
 		},
@@ -561,15 +540,16 @@ func (e *Encoder) recursiveCode(typ *rtype, code *compiledCode) *opcode {
 	}))
 }
 
-func (e *Encoder) compiledCode(typ *rtype, withIndent bool) *opcode {
+func (e *Encoder) compiledCode(ctx *encodeCompileContext) *opcode {
+	typ := ctx.typ
 	typeptr := uintptr(unsafe.Pointer(typ))
-	if withIndent {
+	if ctx.withIndent {
 		if compiledCode, exists := e.structTypeToCompiledIndentCode[typeptr]; exists {
-			return e.recursiveCode(typ, compiledCode)
+			return e.recursiveCode(ctx, compiledCode)
 		}
 	} else {
 		if compiledCode, exists := e.structTypeToCompiledCode[typeptr]; exists {
-			return e.recursiveCode(typ, compiledCode)
+			return e.recursiveCode(ctx, compiledCode)
 		}
 	}
 	return nil
@@ -790,13 +770,15 @@ func (e *Encoder) optimizeConflictAnonymousFields(anonymousFields map[string][]s
 	}
 }
 
-func (e *Encoder) compileStruct(typ *rtype, isPtr, root, withIndent bool) (*opcode, error) {
-	if code := e.compiledCode(typ, withIndent); code != nil {
+func (e *Encoder) compileStruct(ctx *encodeCompileContext, isPtr bool) (*opcode, error) {
+	ctx.root = false
+	if code := e.compiledCode(ctx); code != nil {
 		return code, nil
 	}
+	typ := ctx.typ
 	typeptr := uintptr(unsafe.Pointer(typ))
 	compiled := &compiledCode{}
-	if withIndent {
+	if ctx.withIndent {
 		e.structTypeToCompiledIndentCode[typeptr] = compiled
 	} else {
 		e.structTypeToCompiledCode[typeptr] = compiled
@@ -833,7 +815,7 @@ func (e *Encoder) compileStruct(typ *rtype, isPtr, root, withIndent bool) (*opco
 				fieldType = rtype_ptrTo(fieldType)
 			}
 		}
-		valueCode, err := e.compile(fieldType, false, withIndent)
+		valueCode, err := e.compile(ctx.withType(fieldType))
 		if err != nil {
 			return nil, err
 		}
@@ -866,13 +848,13 @@ func (e *Encoder) compileStruct(typ *rtype, isPtr, root, withIndent bool) (*opco
 			offset:       field.Offset,
 		}
 		if fieldIdx == 0 {
-			code = e.structHeader(fieldCode, valueCode, tag, withIndent)
+			code = e.structHeader(fieldCode, valueCode, tag, ctx.withIndent)
 			head = fieldCode
 			prevField = fieldCode
 		} else {
 			fcode := (*opcode)(unsafe.Pointer(fieldCode))
 			code.next = fcode
-			code = e.structField(fieldCode, valueCode, tag, withIndent)
+			code = e.structField(fieldCode, valueCode, tag, ctx.withIndent)
 			prevField.nextField = fcode
 			prevField = fieldCode
 		}
@@ -888,7 +870,7 @@ func (e *Encoder) compileStruct(typ *rtype, isPtr, root, withIndent bool) (*opco
 		},
 	}))
 	structEndCode.next = newEndOp(e.indent)
-	if withIndent {
+	if ctx.withIndent {
 		structEndCode.op = opStructEndIndent
 	}
 
@@ -906,7 +888,7 @@ func (e *Encoder) compileStruct(typ *rtype, isPtr, root, withIndent bool) (*opco
 			},
 			nextField: structEndCode,
 		}
-		if withIndent {
+		if ctx.withIndent {
 			head.op = opStructFieldHeadIndent
 		}
 		code = (*opcode)(unsafe.Pointer(head))
@@ -920,7 +902,7 @@ func (e *Encoder) compileStruct(typ *rtype, isPtr, root, withIndent bool) (*opco
 	ret := (*opcode)(unsafe.Pointer(head))
 	compiled.code = ret
 
-	if withIndent {
+	if ctx.withIndent {
 		delete(e.structTypeToCompiledIndentCode, typeptr)
 	} else {
 		delete(e.structTypeToCompiledCode, typeptr)
diff --git a/encode_vm.go b/encode_vm.go
index 7126476..1873cdc 100644
--- a/encode_vm.go
+++ b/encode_vm.go
@@ -112,13 +112,21 @@ func (e *Encoder) run(code *opcode) error {
 			e.indent = ifaceCode.indent
 			var c *opcode
 			if typ.Kind() == reflect.Map {
-				code, err := e.compileMap(typ, false, ifaceCode.root, e.enabledIndent)
+				code, err := e.compileMap(&encodeCompileContext{
+					typ:        typ,
+					root:       ifaceCode.root,
+					withIndent: e.enabledIndent,
+				}, false)
 				if err != nil {
 					return err
 				}
 				c = code
 			} else {
-				code, err := e.compile(typ, ifaceCode.root, e.enabledIndent)
+				code, err := e.compile(&encodeCompileContext{
+					typ:        typ,
+					root:       ifaceCode.root,
+					withIndent: e.enabledIndent,
+				})
 				if err != nil {
 					return err
 				}