diff --git a/internal/encoder/vm/util.go b/internal/encoder/vm/util.go
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..d9c5449
--- /dev/null
+++ b/internal/encoder/vm/util.go
@@ -0,0 +1,78 @@
+package vm
+
+import (
+	"encoding/json"
+	"unsafe"
+
+	"github.com/goccy/go-json/internal/encoder"
+	"github.com/goccy/go-json/internal/runtime"
+)
+
+func load(base uintptr, idx uintptr) uintptr {
+	addr := base + idx
+	return **(**uintptr)(unsafe.Pointer(&addr))
+}
+
+func store(base uintptr, idx uintptr, p uintptr) {
+	addr := base + idx
+	**(**uintptr)(unsafe.Pointer(&addr)) = p
+}
+
+func loadNPtr(base uintptr, idx uintptr, ptrNum int) uintptr {
+	addr := base + idx
+	p := **(**uintptr)(unsafe.Pointer(&addr))
+	if p == 0 {
+		return 0
+	}
+	return ptrToPtr(p)
+}
+
+func ptrToUint64(p uintptr) uint64              { return **(**uint64)(unsafe.Pointer(&p)) }
+func ptrToFloat32(p uintptr) float32            { return **(**float32)(unsafe.Pointer(&p)) }
+func ptrToFloat64(p uintptr) float64            { return **(**float64)(unsafe.Pointer(&p)) }
+func ptrToBool(p uintptr) bool                  { return **(**bool)(unsafe.Pointer(&p)) }
+func ptrToBytes(p uintptr) []byte               { return **(**[]byte)(unsafe.Pointer(&p)) }
+func ptrToNumber(p uintptr) json.Number         { return **(**json.Number)(unsafe.Pointer(&p)) }
+func ptrToString(p uintptr) string              { return **(**string)(unsafe.Pointer(&p)) }
+func ptrToSlice(p uintptr) *runtime.SliceHeader { return *(**runtime.SliceHeader)(unsafe.Pointer(&p)) }
+func ptrToPtr(p uintptr) uintptr {
+	return uintptr(**(**unsafe.Pointer)(unsafe.Pointer(&p)))
+}
+func ptrToNPtr(p uintptr, ptrNum int) uintptr {
+	for i := 0; i < ptrNum; i++ {
+		if p == 0 {
+			return 0
+		}
+		p = ptrToPtr(p)
+	}
+	return p
+}
+
+func ptrToUnsafePtr(p uintptr) unsafe.Pointer {
+	return *(*unsafe.Pointer)(unsafe.Pointer(&p))
+}
+func ptrToInterface(code *encoder.Opcode, p uintptr) interface{} {
+	return *(*interface{})(unsafe.Pointer(&emptyInterface{
+		typ: code.Type,
+		ptr: *(*unsafe.Pointer)(unsafe.Pointer(&p)),
+	}))
+}
+
+func appendBool(b []byte, v bool) []byte {
+	if v {
+		return append(b, "true"...)
+	}
+	return append(b, "false"...)
+}
+
+func appendNull(b []byte) []byte {
+	return append(b, "null"...)
+}
+
+func appendComma(b []byte) []byte {
+	return append(b, ',')
+}
+
+func appendStructEnd(b []byte) []byte {
+	return append(b, '}', ',')
+}
diff --git a/internal/encoder/vm/vm.go b/internal/encoder/vm/vm.go
index a03459c..248cc25 100644
--- a/internal/encoder/vm/vm.go
+++ b/internal/encoder/vm/vm.go
@@ -21,34 +21,15 @@ import (
 const uintptrSize = 4 << (^uintptr(0) >> 63)
 
 var (
-	load                = encoder.Load
-	store               = encoder.Store
-	loadNPtr            = encoder.LoadNPtr
-	ptrToPtr            = encoder.PtrToPtr
-	ptrToNPtr           = encoder.PtrToNPtr
-	ptrToUnsafePtr      = encoder.PtrToUnsafePtr
-	ptrToInterface      = encoder.PtrToInterface
-	ptrToUint64         = encoder.PtrToUint64
-	ptrToFloat32        = encoder.PtrToFloat32
-	ptrToFloat64        = encoder.PtrToFloat64
-	ptrToString         = encoder.PtrToString
-	ptrToBool           = encoder.PtrToBool
-	ptrToBytes          = encoder.PtrToBytes
-	ptrToNumber         = encoder.PtrToNumber
-	ptrToSlice          = encoder.PtrToSlice
 	appendInt           = encoder.AppendInt
 	appendUint          = encoder.AppendUint
 	appendFloat32       = encoder.AppendFloat32
 	appendFloat64       = encoder.AppendFloat64
 	appendString        = encoder.AppendString
-	appendBool          = encoder.AppendBool
 	appendByteSlice     = encoder.AppendByteSlice
 	appendNumber        = encoder.AppendNumber
 	appendMarshalJSON   = encoder.AppendMarshalJSON
 	appendMarshalText   = encoder.AppendMarshalText
-	appendNull          = encoder.AppendNull
-	appendComma         = encoder.AppendComma
-	appendStructEnd     = encoder.AppendStructEnd
 	errUnsupportedValue = encoder.ErrUnsupportedValue
 	errUnsupportedFloat = encoder.ErrUnsupportedFloat
 	mapiterinit         = encoder.MapIterInit
diff --git a/internal/encoder/vm_escaped/util.go b/internal/encoder/vm_escaped/util.go
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..437154e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/internal/encoder/vm_escaped/util.go
@@ -0,0 +1,78 @@
+package vm_escaped
+
+import (
+	"encoding/json"
+	"unsafe"
+
+	"github.com/goccy/go-json/internal/encoder"
+	"github.com/goccy/go-json/internal/runtime"
+)
+
+func load(base uintptr, idx uintptr) uintptr {
+	addr := base + idx
+	return **(**uintptr)(unsafe.Pointer(&addr))
+}
+
+func store(base uintptr, idx uintptr, p uintptr) {
+	addr := base + idx
+	**(**uintptr)(unsafe.Pointer(&addr)) = p
+}
+
+func loadNPtr(base uintptr, idx uintptr, ptrNum int) uintptr {
+	addr := base + idx
+	p := **(**uintptr)(unsafe.Pointer(&addr))
+	if p == 0 {
+		return 0
+	}
+	return ptrToPtr(p)
+}
+
+func ptrToUint64(p uintptr) uint64              { return **(**uint64)(unsafe.Pointer(&p)) }
+func ptrToFloat32(p uintptr) float32            { return **(**float32)(unsafe.Pointer(&p)) }
+func ptrToFloat64(p uintptr) float64            { return **(**float64)(unsafe.Pointer(&p)) }
+func ptrToBool(p uintptr) bool                  { return **(**bool)(unsafe.Pointer(&p)) }
+func ptrToBytes(p uintptr) []byte               { return **(**[]byte)(unsafe.Pointer(&p)) }
+func ptrToNumber(p uintptr) json.Number         { return **(**json.Number)(unsafe.Pointer(&p)) }
+func ptrToString(p uintptr) string              { return **(**string)(unsafe.Pointer(&p)) }
+func ptrToSlice(p uintptr) *runtime.SliceHeader { return *(**runtime.SliceHeader)(unsafe.Pointer(&p)) }
+func ptrToPtr(p uintptr) uintptr {
+	return uintptr(**(**unsafe.Pointer)(unsafe.Pointer(&p)))
+}
+func ptrToNPtr(p uintptr, ptrNum int) uintptr {
+	for i := 0; i < ptrNum; i++ {
+		if p == 0 {
+			return 0
+		}
+		p = ptrToPtr(p)
+	}
+	return p
+}
+
+func ptrToUnsafePtr(p uintptr) unsafe.Pointer {
+	return *(*unsafe.Pointer)(unsafe.Pointer(&p))
+}
+func ptrToInterface(code *encoder.Opcode, p uintptr) interface{} {
+	return *(*interface{})(unsafe.Pointer(&emptyInterface{
+		typ: code.Type,
+		ptr: *(*unsafe.Pointer)(unsafe.Pointer(&p)),
+	}))
+}
+
+func appendBool(b []byte, v bool) []byte {
+	if v {
+		return append(b, "true"...)
+	}
+	return append(b, "false"...)
+}
+
+func appendNull(b []byte) []byte {
+	return append(b, "null"...)
+}
+
+func appendComma(b []byte) []byte {
+	return append(b, ',')
+}
+
+func appendStructEnd(b []byte) []byte {
+	return append(b, '}', ',')
+}
diff --git a/internal/encoder/vm_escaped/vm.go b/internal/encoder/vm_escaped/vm.go
index 59edf0e..675effb 100644
--- a/internal/encoder/vm_escaped/vm.go
+++ b/internal/encoder/vm_escaped/vm.go
@@ -21,34 +21,15 @@ import (
 const uintptrSize = 4 << (^uintptr(0) >> 63)
 
 var (
-	load                = encoder.Load
-	store               = encoder.Store
-	loadNPtr            = encoder.LoadNPtr
-	ptrToPtr            = encoder.PtrToPtr
-	ptrToNPtr           = encoder.PtrToNPtr
-	ptrToUnsafePtr      = encoder.PtrToUnsafePtr
-	ptrToInterface      = encoder.PtrToInterface
-	ptrToUint64         = encoder.PtrToUint64
-	ptrToFloat32        = encoder.PtrToFloat32
-	ptrToFloat64        = encoder.PtrToFloat64
-	ptrToString         = encoder.PtrToString
-	ptrToBool           = encoder.PtrToBool
-	ptrToBytes          = encoder.PtrToBytes
-	ptrToNumber         = encoder.PtrToNumber
-	ptrToSlice          = encoder.PtrToSlice
 	appendInt           = encoder.AppendInt
 	appendUint          = encoder.AppendUint
 	appendFloat32       = encoder.AppendFloat32
 	appendFloat64       = encoder.AppendFloat64
 	appendString        = encoder.AppendEscapedString
-	appendBool          = encoder.AppendBool
 	appendByteSlice     = encoder.AppendByteSlice
 	appendNumber        = encoder.AppendNumber
 	appendMarshalJSON   = encoder.AppendMarshalJSON
 	appendMarshalText   = encoder.AppendMarshalText
-	appendNull          = encoder.AppendNull
-	appendComma         = encoder.AppendComma
-	appendStructEnd     = encoder.AppendStructEnd
 	errUnsupportedValue = encoder.ErrUnsupportedValue
 	errUnsupportedFloat = encoder.ErrUnsupportedFloat
 	mapiterinit         = encoder.MapIterInit
diff --git a/internal/encoder/vm_escaped_indent/util.go b/internal/encoder/vm_escaped_indent/util.go
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..ba004cd
--- /dev/null
+++ b/internal/encoder/vm_escaped_indent/util.go
@@ -0,0 +1,87 @@
+package vm_escaped_indent
+
+import (
+	"bytes"
+	"encoding/json"
+	"unsafe"
+
+	"github.com/goccy/go-json/internal/encoder"
+	"github.com/goccy/go-json/internal/runtime"
+)
+
+func load(base uintptr, idx uintptr) uintptr {
+	addr := base + idx
+	return **(**uintptr)(unsafe.Pointer(&addr))
+}
+
+func store(base uintptr, idx uintptr, p uintptr) {
+	addr := base + idx
+	**(**uintptr)(unsafe.Pointer(&addr)) = p
+}
+
+func loadNPtr(base uintptr, idx uintptr, ptrNum int) uintptr {
+	addr := base + idx
+	p := **(**uintptr)(unsafe.Pointer(&addr))
+	if p == 0 {
+		return 0
+	}
+	return ptrToPtr(p)
+}
+
+func ptrToUint64(p uintptr) uint64              { return **(**uint64)(unsafe.Pointer(&p)) }
+func ptrToFloat32(p uintptr) float32            { return **(**float32)(unsafe.Pointer(&p)) }
+func ptrToFloat64(p uintptr) float64            { return **(**float64)(unsafe.Pointer(&p)) }
+func ptrToBool(p uintptr) bool                  { return **(**bool)(unsafe.Pointer(&p)) }
+func ptrToBytes(p uintptr) []byte               { return **(**[]byte)(unsafe.Pointer(&p)) }
+func ptrToNumber(p uintptr) json.Number         { return **(**json.Number)(unsafe.Pointer(&p)) }
+func ptrToString(p uintptr) string              { return **(**string)(unsafe.Pointer(&p)) }
+func ptrToSlice(p uintptr) *runtime.SliceHeader { return *(**runtime.SliceHeader)(unsafe.Pointer(&p)) }
+func ptrToPtr(p uintptr) uintptr {
+	return uintptr(**(**unsafe.Pointer)(unsafe.Pointer(&p)))
+}
+func ptrToNPtr(p uintptr, ptrNum int) uintptr {
+	for i := 0; i < ptrNum; i++ {
+		if p == 0 {
+			return 0
+		}
+		p = ptrToPtr(p)
+	}
+	return p
+}
+
+func ptrToUnsafePtr(p uintptr) unsafe.Pointer {
+	return *(*unsafe.Pointer)(unsafe.Pointer(&p))
+}
+func ptrToInterface(code *encoder.Opcode, p uintptr) interface{} {
+	return *(*interface{})(unsafe.Pointer(&emptyInterface{
+		typ: code.Type,
+		ptr: *(*unsafe.Pointer)(unsafe.Pointer(&p)),
+	}))
+}
+
+func appendBool(b []byte, v bool) []byte {
+	if v {
+		return append(b, "true"...)
+	}
+	return append(b, "false"...)
+}
+
+func appendNull(b []byte) []byte {
+	return append(b, "null"...)
+}
+
+func appendComma(b []byte) []byte {
+	return append(b, ',', '\n')
+}
+
+func appendStructEnd(ctx *encoder.RuntimeContext, b []byte, indent int) []byte {
+	b = append(b, '\n')
+	b = append(b, ctx.Prefix...)
+	b = append(b, bytes.Repeat(ctx.IndentStr, ctx.BaseIndent+indent)...)
+	return append(b, '}', ',', '\n')
+}
+
+func appendIndent(ctx *encoder.RuntimeContext, b []byte, indent int) []byte {
+	b = append(b, ctx.Prefix...)
+	return append(b, bytes.Repeat(ctx.IndentStr, ctx.BaseIndent+indent)...)
+}
diff --git a/internal/encoder/vm_escaped_indent/vm.go b/internal/encoder/vm_escaped_indent/vm.go
index 992d1bc..d1cccde 100644
--- a/internal/encoder/vm_escaped_indent/vm.go
+++ b/internal/encoder/vm_escaped_indent/vm.go
@@ -16,35 +16,15 @@ import (
 const uintptrSize = 4 << (^uintptr(0) >> 63)
 
 var (
-	load                = encoder.Load
-	store               = encoder.Store
-	loadNPtr            = encoder.LoadNPtr
-	ptrToPtr            = encoder.PtrToPtr
-	ptrToNPtr           = encoder.PtrToNPtr
-	ptrToUnsafePtr      = encoder.PtrToUnsafePtr
-	ptrToInterface      = encoder.PtrToInterface
-	ptrToUint64         = encoder.PtrToUint64
-	ptrToFloat32        = encoder.PtrToFloat32
-	ptrToFloat64        = encoder.PtrToFloat64
-	ptrToString         = encoder.PtrToString
-	ptrToBool           = encoder.PtrToBool
-	ptrToBytes          = encoder.PtrToBytes
-	ptrToNumber         = encoder.PtrToNumber
-	ptrToSlice          = encoder.PtrToSlice
 	appendInt           = encoder.AppendInt
 	appendUint          = encoder.AppendUint
 	appendFloat32       = encoder.AppendFloat32
 	appendFloat64       = encoder.AppendFloat64
 	appendString        = encoder.AppendEscapedString
-	appendBool          = encoder.AppendBool
 	appendByteSlice     = encoder.AppendByteSlice
 	appendNumber        = encoder.AppendNumber
 	appendMarshalJSON   = encoder.AppendMarshalJSONIndent
 	appendMarshalText   = encoder.AppendMarshalTextIndent
-	appendNull          = encoder.AppendNull
-	appendComma         = encoder.AppendCommaIndent
-	appendIndent        = encoder.AppendIndent
-	appendStructEnd     = encoder.AppendStructEndIndent
 	errUnsupportedValue = encoder.ErrUnsupportedValue
 	errUnsupportedFloat = encoder.ErrUnsupportedFloat
 	mapiterinit         = encoder.MapIterInit
diff --git a/internal/encoder/vm_indent/util.go b/internal/encoder/vm_indent/util.go
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..dcf976e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/internal/encoder/vm_indent/util.go
@@ -0,0 +1,87 @@
+package vm_indent
+
+import (
+	"bytes"
+	"encoding/json"
+	"unsafe"
+
+	"github.com/goccy/go-json/internal/encoder"
+	"github.com/goccy/go-json/internal/runtime"
+)
+
+func load(base uintptr, idx uintptr) uintptr {
+	addr := base + idx
+	return **(**uintptr)(unsafe.Pointer(&addr))
+}
+
+func store(base uintptr, idx uintptr, p uintptr) {
+	addr := base + idx
+	**(**uintptr)(unsafe.Pointer(&addr)) = p
+}
+
+func loadNPtr(base uintptr, idx uintptr, ptrNum int) uintptr {
+	addr := base + idx
+	p := **(**uintptr)(unsafe.Pointer(&addr))
+	if p == 0 {
+		return 0
+	}
+	return ptrToPtr(p)
+}
+
+func ptrToUint64(p uintptr) uint64              { return **(**uint64)(unsafe.Pointer(&p)) }
+func ptrToFloat32(p uintptr) float32            { return **(**float32)(unsafe.Pointer(&p)) }
+func ptrToFloat64(p uintptr) float64            { return **(**float64)(unsafe.Pointer(&p)) }
+func ptrToBool(p uintptr) bool                  { return **(**bool)(unsafe.Pointer(&p)) }
+func ptrToBytes(p uintptr) []byte               { return **(**[]byte)(unsafe.Pointer(&p)) }
+func ptrToNumber(p uintptr) json.Number         { return **(**json.Number)(unsafe.Pointer(&p)) }
+func ptrToString(p uintptr) string              { return **(**string)(unsafe.Pointer(&p)) }
+func ptrToSlice(p uintptr) *runtime.SliceHeader { return *(**runtime.SliceHeader)(unsafe.Pointer(&p)) }
+func ptrToPtr(p uintptr) uintptr {
+	return uintptr(**(**unsafe.Pointer)(unsafe.Pointer(&p)))
+}
+func ptrToNPtr(p uintptr, ptrNum int) uintptr {
+	for i := 0; i < ptrNum; i++ {
+		if p == 0 {
+			return 0
+		}
+		p = ptrToPtr(p)
+	}
+	return p
+}
+
+func ptrToUnsafePtr(p uintptr) unsafe.Pointer {
+	return *(*unsafe.Pointer)(unsafe.Pointer(&p))
+}
+func ptrToInterface(code *encoder.Opcode, p uintptr) interface{} {
+	return *(*interface{})(unsafe.Pointer(&emptyInterface{
+		typ: code.Type,
+		ptr: *(*unsafe.Pointer)(unsafe.Pointer(&p)),
+	}))
+}
+
+func appendBool(b []byte, v bool) []byte {
+	if v {
+		return append(b, "true"...)
+	}
+	return append(b, "false"...)
+}
+
+func appendNull(b []byte) []byte {
+	return append(b, "null"...)
+}
+
+func appendComma(b []byte) []byte {
+	return append(b, ',', '\n')
+}
+
+func appendStructEnd(ctx *encoder.RuntimeContext, b []byte, indent int) []byte {
+	b = append(b, '\n')
+	b = append(b, ctx.Prefix...)
+	b = append(b, bytes.Repeat(ctx.IndentStr, ctx.BaseIndent+indent)...)
+	return append(b, '}', ',', '\n')
+}
+
+func appendIndent(ctx *encoder.RuntimeContext, b []byte, indent int) []byte {
+	b = append(b, ctx.Prefix...)
+	return append(b, bytes.Repeat(ctx.IndentStr, ctx.BaseIndent+indent)...)
+}
diff --git a/internal/encoder/vm_indent/vm.go b/internal/encoder/vm_indent/vm.go
index 52e7869..026bd7a 100644
--- a/internal/encoder/vm_indent/vm.go
+++ b/internal/encoder/vm_indent/vm.go
@@ -22,35 +22,15 @@ import (
 const uintptrSize = 4 << (^uintptr(0) >> 63)
 
 var (
-	load                = encoder.Load
-	store               = encoder.Store
-	loadNPtr            = encoder.LoadNPtr
-	ptrToPtr            = encoder.PtrToPtr
-	ptrToNPtr           = encoder.PtrToNPtr
-	ptrToUnsafePtr      = encoder.PtrToUnsafePtr
-	ptrToInterface      = encoder.PtrToInterface
-	ptrToUint64         = encoder.PtrToUint64
-	ptrToFloat32        = encoder.PtrToFloat32
-	ptrToFloat64        = encoder.PtrToFloat64
-	ptrToString         = encoder.PtrToString
-	ptrToBool           = encoder.PtrToBool
-	ptrToBytes          = encoder.PtrToBytes
-	ptrToNumber         = encoder.PtrToNumber
-	ptrToSlice          = encoder.PtrToSlice
 	appendInt           = encoder.AppendInt
 	appendUint          = encoder.AppendUint
 	appendFloat32       = encoder.AppendFloat32
 	appendFloat64       = encoder.AppendFloat64
 	appendString        = encoder.AppendString
-	appendBool          = encoder.AppendBool
 	appendByteSlice     = encoder.AppendByteSlice
 	appendNumber        = encoder.AppendNumber
 	appendMarshalJSON   = encoder.AppendMarshalJSONIndent
 	appendMarshalText   = encoder.AppendMarshalTextIndent
-	appendNull          = encoder.AppendNull
-	appendComma         = encoder.AppendCommaIndent
-	appendIndent        = encoder.AppendIndent
-	appendStructEnd     = encoder.AppendStructEndIndent
 	errUnsupportedValue = encoder.ErrUnsupportedValue
 	errUnsupportedFloat = encoder.ErrUnsupportedFloat
 	mapiterinit         = encoder.MapIterInit