Merge branch 'master' into fix-binding-empty-value

.travis.yml

@@ -8,6 +8,13 @@ matrix:
   - go: 1.12.x
     env: GO111MODULE=on
   - go: 1.13.x
+  - go: 1.13.x
+    env: 
+      - TESTTAGS=nomsgpack
+  - go: 1.14.x
+  - go: 1.14.x
+    env:
+      - TESTTAGS=nomsgpack
   - go: master
 
 git:

CHANGELOG.md

@@ -196,7 +196,7 @@
 - [PERFORMANCE] Misc code optimizations. Inlining, tail call optimizations
 - [NEW] Built-in support for golang.org/x/net/context
 - [NEW] Any(path, handler). Create a route that matches any path
-- [NEW] Refactored rendering pipeline (faster and static typeded)
+- [NEW] Refactored rendering pipeline (faster and static typed)
 - [NEW] Refactored errors API
 - [NEW] IndentedJSON() prints pretty JSON
 - [NEW] Added gin.DefaultWriter
@@ -295,7 +295,7 @@
 - [FIX] Recovery() middleware only prints panics
 - [FIX] Context.Get() does not panic anymore. Use MustGet() instead.
 - [FIX] Multiple http.WriteHeader() in NotFound handlers
-- [FIX] Engine.Run() panics if http server can't be setted up
+- [FIX] Engine.Run() panics if http server can't be set up
 - [FIX] Crash when route path doesn't start with '/'
 - [FIX] Do not update header when status code is negative
 - [FIX] Setting response headers before calling WriteHeader in context.String()

Makefile

@@ -4,12 +4,13 @@ PACKAGES ?= $(shell $(GO) list ./...)
 VETPACKAGES ?= $(shell $(GO) list ./... | grep -v /examples/)
 GOFILES := $(shell find . -name "*.go")
 TESTFOLDER := $(shell $(GO) list ./... | grep -E 'gin$$|binding$$|render$$' | grep -v examples)
+TESTTAGS ?= ""
 
 .PHONY: test
 test:
 	echo "mode: count" > coverage.out
 	for d in $(TESTFOLDER); do \
-		$(GO) test -v -covermode=count -coverprofile=profile.out $$d > tmp.out; \
+		$(GO) test -tags $(TESTTAGS) -v -covermode=count -coverprofile=profile.out $$d > tmp.out; \
 		cat tmp.out; \
 		if grep -q "^--- FAIL" tmp.out; then \
 			rm tmp.out; \

README.md

@@ -10,31 +10,36 @@
 [![Sourcegraph](https://sourcegraph.com/github.com/gin-gonic/gin/-/badge.svg)](https://sourcegraph.com/github.com/gin-gonic/gin?badge)
 [![Open Source Helpers](https://www.codetriage.com/gin-gonic/gin/badges/users.svg)](https://www.codetriage.com/gin-gonic/gin)
 [![Release](https://img.shields.io/github/release/gin-gonic/gin.svg?style=flat-square)](https://github.com/gin-gonic/gin/releases)
+[![TODOs](https://badgen.net/https/api.tickgit.com/badgen/github.com/gin-gonic/gin)](https://www.tickgit.com/browse?repo=github.com/gin-gonic/gin)
 
 Gin is a web framework written in Go (Golang). It features a martini-like API with performance that is up to 40 times faster thanks to [httprouter](https://github.com/julienschmidt/httprouter). If you need performance and good productivity, you will love Gin.
 
 
 ## Contents
 
-- [Installation](#installation)
+- [Gin Web Framework](#gin-web-framework)
-- [Prerequisite](#prerequisite)
+  - [Contents](#contents)
-- [Quick start](#quick-start)
+  - [Installation](#installation)
-- [Benchmarks](#benchmarks)
+  - [Quick start](#quick-start)
-- [Gin v1.stable](#gin-v1-stable)
+  - [Benchmarks](#benchmarks)
-- [Build with jsoniter](#build-with-jsoniter)
+  - [Gin v1. stable](#gin-v1-stable)
-- [API Examples](#api-examples)
+  - [Build with jsoniter](#build-with-jsoniter)
-    - [Using GET,POST,PUT,PATCH,DELETE and OPTIONS](#using-get-post-put-patch-delete-and-options)
+  - [API Examples](#api-examples)
+    - [Using GET, POST, PUT, PATCH, DELETE and OPTIONS](#using-get-post-put-patch-delete-and-options)
     - [Parameters in path](#parameters-in-path)
     - [Querystring parameters](#querystring-parameters)
     - [Multipart/Urlencoded Form](#multiparturlencoded-form)
     - [Another example: query + post form](#another-example-query--post-form)
     - [Map as querystring or postform parameters](#map-as-querystring-or-postform-parameters)
     - [Upload files](#upload-files)
+      - [Single file](#single-file)
+      - [Multiple files](#multiple-files)
     - [Grouping routes](#grouping-routes)
     - [Blank Gin without middleware by default](#blank-gin-without-middleware-by-default)
     - [Using middleware](#using-middleware)
     - [How to write log file](#how-to-write-log-file)
     - [Custom Log Format](#custom-log-format)
+    - [Controlling Log output coloring](#controlling-log-output-coloring)
     - [Model binding and validation](#model-binding-and-validation)
     - [Custom Validators](#custom-validators)
     - [Only Bind Query String](#only-bind-query-string)
@@ -44,10 +49,16 @@ Gin is a web framework written in Go (Golang). It features a martini-like API wi
     - [Bind HTML checkboxes](#bind-html-checkboxes)
     - [Multipart/Urlencoded binding](#multiparturlencoded-binding)
     - [XML, JSON, YAML and ProtoBuf rendering](#xml-json-yaml-and-protobuf-rendering)
-    - [JSONP rendering](#jsonp)
+      - [SecureJSON](#securejson)
+      - [JSONP](#jsonp)
+      - [AsciiJSON](#asciijson)
+      - [PureJSON](#purejson)
     - [Serving static files](#serving-static-files)
     - [Serving data from reader](#serving-data-from-reader)
     - [HTML rendering](#html-rendering)
+      - [Custom Template renderer](#custom-template-renderer)
+      - [Custom Delimiters](#custom-delimiters)
+      - [Custom Template Funcs](#custom-template-funcs)
     - [Multitemplate](#multitemplate)
     - [Redirects](#redirects)
     - [Custom Middleware](#custom-middleware)
@@ -63,8 +74,8 @@ Gin is a web framework written in Go (Golang). It features a martini-like API wi
     - [http2 server push](#http2-server-push)
     - [Define format for the log of routes](#define-format-for-the-log-of-routes)
     - [Set and get a cookie](#set-and-get-a-cookie)
-- [Testing](#testing)
+  - [Testing](#testing)
-- [Users](#users)
+  - [Users](#users)
 
 ## Installation
 
@@ -584,7 +595,7 @@ func main() {
 
 To bind a request body into a type, use model binding. We currently support binding of JSON, XML, YAML and standard form values (foo=bar&boo=baz).
 
-Gin uses [**go-playground/validator.v8**](https://github.com/go-playground/validator) for validation. Check the full docs on tags usage [here](http://godoc.org/gopkg.in/go-playground/validator.v8#hdr-Baked_In_Validators_and_Tags).
+Gin uses [**go-playground/validator/v10**](https://github.com/go-playground/validator) for validation. Check the full docs on tags usage [here](https://godoc.org/github.com/go-playground/validator#hdr-Baked_In_Validators_and_Tags).
 
 Note that you need to set the corresponding binding tag on all fields you want to bind. For example, when binding from JSON, set `json:"fieldname"`.
 
@@ -704,25 +715,22 @@ package main
 
 import (
 	"net/http"
-	"reflect"
 	"time"
 
 	"github.com/gin-gonic/gin"
 	"github.com/gin-gonic/gin/binding"
-	"gopkg.in/go-playground/validator.v8"
+	"gopkg.in/go-playground/validator.v10"
 )
 
 // Booking contains binded and validated data.
 type Booking struct {
-	CheckIn  time.Time `form:"check_in" binding:"required,bookabledate" time_format:"2006-01-02"`
+	CheckIn  time.Time `form:"check_in" binding:"required" time_format:"2006-01-02"`
 	CheckOut time.Time `form:"check_out" binding:"required,gtfield=CheckIn" time_format:"2006-01-02"`
 }
 
-func bookableDate(
+var bookableDate validator.Func = func(fl validator.FieldLevel) bool {
-	v *validator.Validate, topStruct reflect.Value, currentStructOrField reflect.Value,
+	date, ok := fl.Field().Interface().(time.Time)
-	field reflect.Value, fieldType reflect.Type, fieldKind reflect.Kind, param string,
+	if ok {
-) bool {
-	if date, ok := field.Interface().(time.Time); ok {
 		today := time.Now()
 		if today.After(date) {
 			return false
@@ -756,8 +764,8 @@ func getBookable(c *gin.Context) {
 $ curl "localhost:8085/bookable?check_in=2018-04-16&check_out=2018-04-17"
 {"message":"Booking dates are valid!"}
 
-$ curl "localhost:8085/bookable?check_in=2018-03-08&check_out=2018-03-09"
+$ curl "localhost:8085/bookable?check_in=2018-03-10&check_out=2018-03-09"
-{"error":"Key: 'Booking.CheckIn' Error:Field validation for 'CheckIn' failed on the 'bookabledate' tag"}
+{"error":"Key: 'Booking.CheckOut' Error:Field validation for 'CheckOut' failed on the 'gtfield' tag"}
 ```
 
 [Struct level validations](https://github.com/go-playground/validator/releases/tag/v8.7) can also be registered this way.
@@ -1174,6 +1182,24 @@ func main() {
 }
 ```
 
+### Serving data from file
+
+```go
+func main() {
+	router := gin.Default()
+
+	router.GET("/local/file", func(c *gin.Context) {
+		c.File("local/file.go")
+	})
+
+	var fs http.FileSystem = // ...
+	router.GET("/fs/file", func(c *gin.Context) {
+		c.FileFromFS("fs/file.go", fs)
+	})
+}
+
+```
+
 ### Serving data from reader
 
 ```go
@@ -2029,7 +2055,7 @@ func main() {
 
         if err != nil {
             cookie = "NotSet"
-            c.SetCookie("gin_cookie", "test", 3600, "/", "localhost", false, true)
+            c.SetCookie("gin_cookie", "test", 3600, "/", "localhost", http.SameSiteLaxMode, false, true)
         }
 
         fmt.Printf("Cookie value: %s \n", cookie)

auth.go

@@ -8,6 +8,8 @@ import (
 	"encoding/base64"
 	"net/http"
 	"strconv"
+
+	"github.com/gin-gonic/gin/internal/bytesconv"
 )
 
 // AuthUserKey is the cookie name for user credential in basic auth.
@@ -83,5 +85,5 @@ func processAccounts(accounts Accounts) authPairs {
 
 func authorizationHeader(user, password string) string {
 	base := user + ":" + password
-	return "Basic " + base64.StdEncoding.EncodeToString([]byte(base))
+	return "Basic " + base64.StdEncoding.EncodeToString(bytesconv.StringToBytes(base))
 }

binding/binding.go

@@ -2,6 +2,8 @@
 // Use of this source code is governed by a MIT style
 // license that can be found in the LICENSE file.
 
+// +build !nomsgpack
+
 package binding
 
 import "net/http"

binding/binding_msgpack_test.go

@@ -0,0 +1,57 @@
+// Copyright 2020 Gin Core Team. All rights reserved.
+// Use of this source code is governed by a MIT style
+// license that can be found in the LICENSE file.
+
+// +build !nomsgpack
+
+package binding
+
+import (
+	"bytes"
+	"testing"
+
+	"github.com/stretchr/testify/assert"
+	"github.com/ugorji/go/codec"
+)
+
+func TestBindingMsgPack(t *testing.T) {
+	test := FooStruct{
+		Foo: "bar",
+	}
+
+	h := new(codec.MsgpackHandle)
+	assert.NotNil(t, h)
+	buf := bytes.NewBuffer([]byte{})
+	assert.NotNil(t, buf)
+	err := codec.NewEncoder(buf, h).Encode(test)
+	assert.NoError(t, err)
+
+	data := buf.Bytes()
+
+	testMsgPackBodyBinding(t,
+		MsgPack, "msgpack",
+		"/", "/",
+		string(data), string(data[1:]))
+}
+
+func testMsgPackBodyBinding(t *testing.T, b Binding, name, path, badPath, body, badBody string) {
+	assert.Equal(t, name, b.Name())
+
+	obj := FooStruct{}
+	req := requestWithBody("POST", path, body)
+	req.Header.Add("Content-Type", MIMEMSGPACK)
+	err := b.Bind(req, &obj)
+	assert.NoError(t, err)
+	assert.Equal(t, "bar", obj.Foo)
+
+	obj = FooStruct{}
+	req = requestWithBody("POST", badPath, badBody)
+	req.Header.Add("Content-Type", MIMEMSGPACK)
+	err = MsgPack.Bind(req, &obj)
+	assert.Error(t, err)
+}
+
+func TestBindingDefaultMsgPack(t *testing.T) {
+	assert.Equal(t, MsgPack, Default("POST", MIMEMSGPACK))
+	assert.Equal(t, MsgPack, Default("PUT", MIMEMSGPACK2))
+}

binding/binding_nomsgpack.go

@@ -0,0 +1,111 @@
+// Copyright 2020 Gin Core Team. All rights reserved.
+// Use of this source code is governed by a MIT style
+// license that can be found in the LICENSE file.
+
+// +build nomsgpack
+
+package binding
+
+import "net/http"
+
+// Content-Type MIME of the most common data formats.
+const (
+	MIMEJSON              = "application/json"
+	MIMEHTML              = "text/html"
+	MIMEXML               = "application/xml"
+	MIMEXML2              = "text/xml"
+	MIMEPlain             = "text/plain"
+	MIMEPOSTForm          = "application/x-www-form-urlencoded"
+	MIMEMultipartPOSTForm = "multipart/form-data"
+	MIMEPROTOBUF          = "application/x-protobuf"
+	MIMEYAML              = "application/x-yaml"
+)
+
+// Binding describes the interface which needs to be implemented for binding the
+// data present in the request such as JSON request body, query parameters or
+// the form POST.
+type Binding interface {
+	Name() string
+	Bind(*http.Request, interface{}) error
+}
+
+// BindingBody adds BindBody method to Binding. BindBody is similar with Bind,
+// but it reads the body from supplied bytes instead of req.Body.
+type BindingBody interface {
+	Binding
+	BindBody([]byte, interface{}) error
+}
+
+// BindingUri adds BindUri method to Binding. BindUri is similar with Bind,
+// but it read the Params.
+type BindingUri interface {
+	Name() string
+	BindUri(map[string][]string, interface{}) error
+}
+
+// StructValidator is the minimal interface which needs to be implemented in
+// order for it to be used as the validator engine for ensuring the correctness
+// of the request. Gin provides a default implementation for this using
+// https://github.com/go-playground/validator/tree/v8.18.2.
+type StructValidator interface {
+	// ValidateStruct can receive any kind of type and it should never panic, even if the configuration is not right.
+	// If the received type is not a struct, any validation should be skipped and nil must be returned.
+	// If the received type is a struct or pointer to a struct, the validation should be performed.
+	// If the struct is not valid or the validation itself fails, a descriptive error should be returned.
+	// Otherwise nil must be returned.
+	ValidateStruct(interface{}) error
+
+	// Engine returns the underlying validator engine which powers the
+	// StructValidator implementation.
+	Engine() interface{}
+}
+
+// Validator is the default validator which implements the StructValidator
+// interface. It uses https://github.com/go-playground/validator/tree/v8.18.2
+// under the hood.
+var Validator StructValidator = &defaultValidator{}
+
+// These implement the Binding interface and can be used to bind the data
+// present in the request to struct instances.
+var (
+	JSON          = jsonBinding{}
+	XML           = xmlBinding{}
+	Form          = formBinding{}
+	Query         = queryBinding{}
+	FormPost      = formPostBinding{}
+	FormMultipart = formMultipartBinding{}
+	ProtoBuf      = protobufBinding{}
+	YAML          = yamlBinding{}
+	Uri           = uriBinding{}
+	Header        = headerBinding{}
+)
+
+// Default returns the appropriate Binding instance based on the HTTP method
+// and the content type.
+func Default(method, contentType string) Binding {
+	if method == "GET" {
+		return Form
+	}
+
+	switch contentType {
+	case MIMEJSON:
+		return JSON
+	case MIMEXML, MIMEXML2:
+		return XML
+	case MIMEPROTOBUF:
+		return ProtoBuf
+	case MIMEYAML:
+		return YAML
+	case MIMEMultipartPOSTForm:
+		return FormMultipart
+	default: // case MIMEPOSTForm:
+		return Form
+	}
+}
+
+func validate(obj interface{}) error {
+	if Validator == nil {
+		return nil
+	}
+	return Validator.ValidateStruct(obj)
+}

binding/binding_test.go

@@ -21,7 +21,6 @@ import (
 	"github.com/gin-gonic/gin/testdata/protoexample"
 	"github.com/golang/protobuf/proto"
 	"github.com/stretchr/testify/assert"
-	"github.com/ugorji/go/codec"
 )
 
 type appkey struct {
@@ -163,9 +162,6 @@ func TestBindingDefault(t *testing.T) {
 	assert.Equal(t, ProtoBuf, Default("POST", MIMEPROTOBUF))
 	assert.Equal(t, ProtoBuf, Default("PUT", MIMEPROTOBUF))
 
-	assert.Equal(t, MsgPack, Default("POST", MIMEMSGPACK))
-	assert.Equal(t, MsgPack, Default("PUT", MIMEMSGPACK2))
-
 	assert.Equal(t, YAML, Default("POST", MIMEYAML))
 	assert.Equal(t, YAML, Default("PUT", MIMEYAML))
 }
@@ -633,26 +629,6 @@ func TestBindingProtoBufFail(t *testing.T) {
 		string(data), string(data[1:]))
 }
 
-func TestBindingMsgPack(t *testing.T) {
-	test := FooStruct{
-		Foo: "bar",
-	}
-
-	h := new(codec.MsgpackHandle)
-	assert.NotNil(t, h)
-	buf := bytes.NewBuffer([]byte{})
-	assert.NotNil(t, buf)
-	err := codec.NewEncoder(buf, h).Encode(test)
-	assert.NoError(t, err)
-
-	data := buf.Bytes()
-
-	testMsgPackBodyBinding(t,
-		MsgPack, "msgpack",
-		"/", "/",
-		string(data), string(data[1:]))
-}
-
 func TestValidationFails(t *testing.T) {
 	var obj FooStruct
 	req := requestWithBody("POST", "/", `{"bar": "foo"}`)
@@ -1250,23 +1226,6 @@ func testProtoBodyBindingFail(t *testing.T, b Binding, name, path, badPath, body
 	assert.Error(t, err)
 }
 
-func testMsgPackBodyBinding(t *testing.T, b Binding, name, path, badPath, body, badBody string) {
-	assert.Equal(t, name, b.Name())
-
-	obj := FooStruct{}
-	req := requestWithBody("POST", path, body)
-	req.Header.Add("Content-Type", MIMEMSGPACK)
-	err := b.Bind(req, &obj)
-	assert.NoError(t, err)
-	assert.Equal(t, "bar", obj.Foo)
-
-	obj = FooStruct{}
-	req = requestWithBody("POST", badPath, badBody)
-	req.Header.Add("Content-Type", MIMEMSGPACK)
-	err = MsgPack.Bind(req, &obj)
-	assert.Error(t, err)
-}
-
 func requestWithBody(method, path, body string) (req *http.Request) {
 	req, _ = http.NewRequest(method, path, bytes.NewBufferString(body))
 	return

binding/form_mapping.go

@@ -12,6 +12,7 @@ import (
 	"strings"
 	"time"
 
+	"github.com/gin-gonic/gin/internal/bytesconv"
 	"github.com/gin-gonic/gin/internal/json"
 )
 
@@ -213,9 +214,9 @@ func setWithProperType(val string, value reflect.Value, field reflect.StructFiel
 		case time.Time:
 			return setTimeField(val, field, value)
 		}
-		return json.Unmarshal([]byte(val), value.Addr().Interface())
+		return json.Unmarshal(bytesconv.StringToBytes(val), value.Addr().Interface())
 	case reflect.Map:
-		return json.Unmarshal([]byte(val), value.Addr().Interface())
+		return json.Unmarshal(bytesconv.StringToBytes(val), value.Addr().Interface())
 	default:
 		return errUnknownType
 	}

binding/msgpack.go

@@ -2,6 +2,8 @@
 // Use of this source code is governed by a MIT style
 // license that can be found in the LICENSE file.
 
+// +build !nomsgpack
+
 package binding
 
 import (

binding/msgpack_test.go

@@ -2,6 +2,8 @@
 // Use of this source code is governed by a MIT style
 // license that can be found in the LICENSE file.
 
+// +build !nomsgpack
+
 package binding
 
 import (

context.go

@@ -16,6 +16,7 @@ import (
 	"net/url"
 	"os"
 	"strings"
+	"sync"
 	"time"
 
 	"github.com/gin-contrib/sse"
@@ -52,6 +53,9 @@ type Context struct {
 
 	engine *Engine
 
+	// This mutex protect Keys map
+	KeysMutex *sync.RWMutex
+
 	// Keys is a key/value pair exclusively for the context of each request.
 	Keys map[string]interface{}
 
@@ -78,6 +82,7 @@ func (c *Context) reset() {
 	c.Params = c.Params[0:0]
 	c.handlers = nil
 	c.index = -1
+	c.KeysMutex = &sync.RWMutex{}
 	c.fullPath = ""
 	c.Keys = nil
 	c.Errors = c.Errors[0:0]
@@ -219,16 +224,21 @@ func (c *Context) Error(err error) *Error {
 // Set is used to store a new key/value pair exclusively for this context.
 // It also lazy initializes  c.Keys if it was not used previously.
 func (c *Context) Set(key string, value interface{}) {
+	c.KeysMutex.Lock()
 	if c.Keys == nil {
 		c.Keys = make(map[string]interface{})
 	}
+
 	c.Keys[key] = value
+	c.KeysMutex.Unlock()
 }
 
 // Get returns the value for the given key, ie: (value, true).
 // If the value does not exists it returns (nil, false)
 func (c *Context) Get(key string) (value interface{}, exists bool) {
+	c.KeysMutex.RLock()
 	value, exists = c.Keys[key]
+	c.KeysMutex.RUnlock()
 	return
 }
 
@@ -775,7 +785,7 @@ func (c *Context) GetRawData() ([]byte, error) {
 // SetCookie adds a Set-Cookie header to the ResponseWriter's headers.
 // The provided cookie must have a valid Name. Invalid cookies may be
 // silently dropped.
-func (c *Context) SetCookie(name, value string, maxAge int, path, domain string, secure, httpOnly bool) {
+func (c *Context) SetCookie(name, value string, maxAge int, path, domain string, sameSite http.SameSite, secure, httpOnly bool) {
 	if path == "" {
 		path = "/"
 	}
@@ -785,6 +795,7 @@ func (c *Context) SetCookie(name, value string, maxAge int, path, domain string,
 		MaxAge:   maxAge,
 		Path:     path,
 		Domain:   domain,
+		SameSite: sameSite,
 		Secure:   secure,
 		HttpOnly: httpOnly,
 	})
@@ -924,6 +935,17 @@ func (c *Context) File(filepath string) {
 	http.ServeFile(c.Writer, c.Request, filepath)
 }
 
+// FileFromFS writes the specified file from http.FileSytem into the body stream in an efficient way.
+func (c *Context) FileFromFS(filepath string, fs http.FileSystem) {
+	defer func(old string) {
+		c.Request.URL.Path = old
+	}(c.Request.URL.Path)
+
+	c.Request.URL.Path = filepath
+
+	http.FileServer(fs).ServeHTTP(c.Writer, c.Request)
+}
+
 // FileAttachment writes the specified file into the body stream in an efficient way
 // On the client side, the file will typically be downloaded with the given filename
 func (c *Context) FileAttachment(filepath, filename string) {
@@ -969,6 +991,7 @@ type Negotiate struct {
 	HTMLData interface{}
 	JSONData interface{}
 	XMLData  interface{}
+	YAMLData interface{}
 	Data     interface{}
 }
 
@@ -987,6 +1010,10 @@ func (c *Context) Negotiate(code int, config Negotiate) {
 		data := chooseData(config.XMLData, config.Data)
 		c.XML(code, data)
 
+	case binding.MIMEYAML:
+		data := chooseData(config.YAMLData, config.Data)
+		c.YAML(code, data)
+
 	default:
 		c.AbortWithError(http.StatusNotAcceptable, errors.New("the accepted formats are not offered by the server")) // nolint: errcheck
 	}
@@ -1003,20 +1030,20 @@ func (c *Context) NegotiateFormat(offered ...string) string {
 		return offered[0]
 	}
 	for _, accepted := range c.Accepted {
-		for _, offert := range offered {
+		for _, offer := range offered {
 			// According to RFC 2616 and RFC 2396, non-ASCII characters are not allowed in headers,
 			// therefore we can just iterate over the string without casting it into []rune
 			i := 0
 			for ; i < len(accepted); i++ {
-				if accepted[i] == '*' || offert[i] == '*' {
+				if accepted[i] == '*' || offer[i] == '*' {
-					return offert
+					return offer
 				}
-				if accepted[i] != offert[i] {
+				if accepted[i] != offer[i] {
 					break
 				}
 			}
 			if i == len(accepted) {
-				return offert
+				return offer
 			}
 		}
 	}
@@ -1032,26 +1059,20 @@ func (c *Context) SetAccepted(formats ...string) {
 /***** GOLANG.ORG/X/NET/CONTEXT *****/
 /************************************/
 
-// Deadline returns the time when work done on behalf of this context
+// Deadline always returns that there is no deadline (ok==false),
-// should be canceled. Deadline returns ok==false when no deadline is
+// maybe you want to use Request.Context().Deadline() instead.
-// set. Successive calls to Deadline return the same results.
 func (c *Context) Deadline() (deadline time.Time, ok bool) {
 	return
 }
 
-// Done returns a channel that's closed when work done on behalf of this
+// Done always returns nil (chan which will wait forever),
-// context should be canceled. Done may return nil if this context can
+// if you want to abort your work when the connection was closed
-// never be canceled. Successive calls to Done return the same value.
+// you should use Request.Context().Done() instead.
 func (c *Context) Done() <-chan struct{} {
 	return nil
 }
 
-// Err returns a non-nil error value after Done is closed,
+// Err always returns nil, maybe you want to use Request.Context().Err() instead.
-// successive calls to Err return the same error.
-// If Done is not yet closed, Err returns nil.
-// If Done is closed, Err returns a non-nil error explaining why:
-// Canceled if the context was canceled
-// or DeadlineExceeded if the context's deadline passed.
 func (c *Context) Err() error {
 	return nil
 }

context_test.go

@@ -602,14 +602,14 @@ func TestContextPostFormMultipart(t *testing.T) {
 
 func TestContextSetCookie(t *testing.T) {
 	c, _ := CreateTestContext(httptest.NewRecorder())
-	c.SetCookie("user", "gin", 1, "/", "localhost", true, true)
+	c.SetCookie("user", "gin", 1, "/", "localhost", http.SameSiteLaxMode, true, true)
-	assert.Equal(t, "user=gin; Path=/; Domain=localhost; Max-Age=1; HttpOnly; Secure", c.Writer.Header().Get("Set-Cookie"))
+	assert.Equal(t, "user=gin; Path=/; Domain=localhost; Max-Age=1; HttpOnly; Secure; SameSite=Lax", c.Writer.Header().Get("Set-Cookie"))
 }
 
 func TestContextSetCookiePathEmpty(t *testing.T) {
 	c, _ := CreateTestContext(httptest.NewRecorder())
-	c.SetCookie("user", "gin", 1, "", "localhost", true, true)
+	c.SetCookie("user", "gin", 1, "", "localhost", http.SameSiteLaxMode, true, true)
-	assert.Equal(t, "user=gin; Path=/; Domain=localhost; Max-Age=1; HttpOnly; Secure", c.Writer.Header().Get("Set-Cookie"))
+	assert.Equal(t, "user=gin; Path=/; Domain=localhost; Max-Age=1; HttpOnly; Secure; SameSite=Lax", c.Writer.Header().Get("Set-Cookie"))
 }
 
 func TestContextGetCookie(t *testing.T) {
@@ -662,7 +662,7 @@ func TestContextRenderJSON(t *testing.T) {
 	c.JSON(http.StatusCreated, H{"foo": "bar", "html": "<b>"})
 
 	assert.Equal(t, http.StatusCreated, w.Code)
-	assert.Equal(t, "{\"foo\":\"bar\",\"html\":\"\\u003cb\\u003e\"}\n", w.Body.String())
+	assert.Equal(t, "{\"foo\":\"bar\",\"html\":\"\\u003cb\\u003e\"}", w.Body.String())
 	assert.Equal(t, "application/json; charset=utf-8", w.Header().Get("Content-Type"))
 }
 
@@ -690,7 +690,7 @@ func TestContextRenderJSONPWithoutCallback(t *testing.T) {
 	c.JSONP(http.StatusCreated, H{"foo": "bar"})
 
 	assert.Equal(t, http.StatusCreated, w.Code)
-	assert.Equal(t, "{\"foo\":\"bar\"}\n", w.Body.String())
+	assert.Equal(t, "{\"foo\":\"bar\"}", w.Body.String())
 	assert.Equal(t, "application/json; charset=utf-8", w.Header().Get("Content-Type"))
 }
 
@@ -716,7 +716,7 @@ func TestContextRenderAPIJSON(t *testing.T) {
 	c.JSON(http.StatusCreated, H{"foo": "bar"})
 
 	assert.Equal(t, http.StatusCreated, w.Code)
-	assert.Equal(t, "{\"foo\":\"bar\"}\n", w.Body.String())
+	assert.Equal(t, "{\"foo\":\"bar\"}", w.Body.String())
 	assert.Equal(t, "application/vnd.api+json", w.Header().Get("Content-Type"))
 }
 
@@ -992,6 +992,19 @@ func TestContextRenderFile(t *testing.T) {
 	assert.Equal(t, "text/plain; charset=utf-8", w.Header().Get("Content-Type"))
 }
 
+func TestContextRenderFileFromFS(t *testing.T) {
+	w := httptest.NewRecorder()
+	c, _ := CreateTestContext(w)
+
+	c.Request, _ = http.NewRequest("GET", "/some/path", nil)
+	c.FileFromFS("./gin.go", Dir(".", false))
+
+	assert.Equal(t, http.StatusOK, w.Code)
+	assert.Contains(t, w.Body.String(), "func New() *Engine {")
+	assert.Equal(t, "text/plain; charset=utf-8", w.Header().Get("Content-Type"))
+	assert.Equal(t, "/some/path", c.Request.URL.Path)
+}
+
 func TestContextRenderAttachment(t *testing.T) {
 	w := httptest.NewRecorder()
 	c, _ := CreateTestContext(w)
@@ -1114,12 +1127,12 @@ func TestContextNegotiationWithJSON(t *testing.T) {
 	c.Request, _ = http.NewRequest("POST", "", nil)
 
 	c.Negotiate(http.StatusOK, Negotiate{
-		Offered: []string{MIMEJSON, MIMEXML},
+		Offered: []string{MIMEJSON, MIMEXML, MIMEYAML},
 		Data:    H{"foo": "bar"},
 	})
 
 	assert.Equal(t, http.StatusOK, w.Code)
-	assert.Equal(t, "{\"foo\":\"bar\"}\n", w.Body.String())
+	assert.Equal(t, "{\"foo\":\"bar\"}", w.Body.String())
 	assert.Equal(t, "application/json; charset=utf-8", w.Header().Get("Content-Type"))
 }
 
@@ -1129,7 +1142,7 @@ func TestContextNegotiationWithXML(t *testing.T) {
 	c.Request, _ = http.NewRequest("POST", "", nil)
 
 	c.Negotiate(http.StatusOK, Negotiate{
-		Offered: []string{MIMEXML, MIMEJSON},
+		Offered: []string{MIMEXML, MIMEJSON, MIMEYAML},
 		Data:    H{"foo": "bar"},
 	})
 
@@ -1283,7 +1296,7 @@ func TestContextAbortWithStatusJSON(t *testing.T) {
 	_, err := buf.ReadFrom(w.Body)
 	assert.NoError(t, err)
 	jsonStringBody := buf.String()
-	assert.Equal(t, fmt.Sprint("{\"foo\":\"fooValue\",\"bar\":\"barValue\"}\n"), jsonStringBody)
+	assert.Equal(t, fmt.Sprint("{\"foo\":\"fooValue\",\"bar\":\"barValue\"}"), jsonStringBody)
 }
 
 func TestContextError(t *testing.T) {

gin.go

@@ -13,6 +13,7 @@ import (
 	"path"
 	"sync"
 
+	"github.com/gin-gonic/gin/internal/bytesconv"
 	"github.com/gin-gonic/gin/render"
 )
 
@@ -161,7 +162,7 @@ func Default() *Engine {
 }
 
 func (engine *Engine) allocateContext() *Context {
-	return &Context{engine: engine}
+	return &Context{engine: engine, KeysMutex: &sync.RWMutex{}}
 }
 
 // Delims sets template left and right delims and returns a Engine instance.
@@ -319,16 +320,13 @@ func (engine *Engine) RunUnix(file string) (err error) {
 	debugPrint("Listening and serving HTTP on unix:/%s", file)
 	defer func() { debugPrintError(err) }()
 
-	os.Remove(file)
 	listener, err := net.Listen("unix", file)
 	if err != nil {
 		return
 	}
 	defer listener.Close()
-	err = os.Chmod(file, 0777)
+	defer os.Remove(file)
-	if err != nil {
+
-		return
-	}
 	err = http.Serve(listener, engine)
 	return
 }
@@ -477,7 +475,7 @@ func redirectFixedPath(c *Context, root *node, trailingSlash bool) bool {
 	rPath := req.URL.Path
 
 	if fixedPath, ok := root.findCaseInsensitivePath(cleanPath(rPath), trailingSlash); ok {
-		req.URL.Path = string(fixedPath)
+		req.URL.Path = bytesconv.BytesToString(fixedPath)
 		redirectRequest(c)
 		return true
 	}

go.mod

@@ -1,14 +1,14 @@
 module github.com/gin-gonic/gin
 
-go 1.12
+go 1.13
 
 require (
 	github.com/gin-contrib/sse v0.1.0
-	github.com/go-playground/validator/v10 v10.0.1
+	github.com/go-playground/validator/v10 v10.2.0
-	github.com/golang/protobuf v1.3.2
+	github.com/golang/protobuf v1.3.3
-	github.com/json-iterator/go v1.1.7
+	github.com/json-iterator/go v1.1.9
-	github.com/mattn/go-isatty v0.0.9
+	github.com/mattn/go-isatty v0.0.12
 	github.com/stretchr/testify v1.4.0
 	github.com/ugorji/go/codec v1.1.7
-	gopkg.in/yaml.v2 v2.2.2
+	gopkg.in/yaml.v2 v2.2.8
 )

go.sum

@@ -1,5 +1,4 @@
 github.com/davecgh/go-spew v1.1.0/go.mod h1:J7Y8YcW2NihsgmVo/mv3lAwl/skON4iLHjSsI+c5H38=
-github.com/davecgh/go-spew v1.1.1 h1:vj9j/u1bqnvCEfJOwUhtlOARqs3+rkHYY13jYWTU97c=
 github.com/davecgh/go-spew v1.1.1/go.mod h1:J7Y8YcW2NihsgmVo/mv3lAwl/skON4iLHjSsI+c5H38=
 github.com/gin-contrib/sse v0.1.0 h1:Y/yl/+YNO8GZSjAhjMsSuLt29uWRFHdHYUb5lYOV9qE=
 github.com/gin-contrib/sse v0.1.0/go.mod h1:RHrZQHXnP2xjPF+u1gW/2HnVO7nvIa9PG3Gm+fLHvGI=
@@ -9,17 +8,17 @@ github.com/go-playground/locales v0.13.0 h1:HyWk6mgj5qFqCT5fjGBuRArbVDfE4hi8+e8c
 github.com/go-playground/locales v0.13.0/go.mod h1:taPMhCMXrRLJO55olJkUXHZBHCxTMfnGwq/HNwmWNS8=
 github.com/go-playground/universal-translator v0.17.0 h1:icxd5fm+REJzpZx7ZfpaD876Lmtgy7VtROAbHHXk8no=
 github.com/go-playground/universal-translator v0.17.0/go.mod h1:UkSxE5sNxxRwHyU+Scu5vgOQjsIJAF8j9muTVoKLVtA=
-github.com/go-playground/validator/v10 v10.0.1 h1:QgDDZpXlR/L3atIL2PbFt0TpazbtN7N6PxTGcgcyEUg=
+github.com/go-playground/validator/v10 v10.2.0 h1:KgJ0snyC2R9VXYN2rneOtQcw5aHQB1Vv0sFl1UcHBOY=
-github.com/go-playground/validator/v10 v10.0.1/go.mod h1:uOYAAleCW8F/7oMFd6aG0GOhaH6EGOAJShg8Id5JGkI=
+github.com/go-playground/validator/v10 v10.2.0/go.mod h1:uOYAAleCW8F/7oMFd6aG0GOhaH6EGOAJShg8Id5JGkI=
-github.com/golang/protobuf v1.3.2 h1:6nsPYzhq5kReh6QImI3k5qWzO4PEbvbIW2cwSfR/6xs=
+github.com/golang/protobuf v1.3.3 h1:gyjaxf+svBWX08ZjK86iN9geUJF0H6gp2IRKX6Nf6/I=
-github.com/golang/protobuf v1.3.2/go.mod h1:6lQm79b+lXiMfvg/cZm0SGofjICqVBUtrP5yJMmIC1U=
+github.com/golang/protobuf v1.3.3/go.mod h1:vzj43D7+SQXF/4pzW/hwtAqwc6iTitCiVSaWz5lYuqw=
 github.com/google/gofuzz v1.0.0/go.mod h1:dBl0BpW6vV/+mYPU4Po3pmUjxk6FQPldtuIdl/M65Eg=
-github.com/json-iterator/go v1.1.7 h1:KfgG9LzI+pYjr4xvmz/5H4FXjokeP+rlHLhv3iH62Fo=
+github.com/json-iterator/go v1.1.9 h1:9yzud/Ht36ygwatGx56VwCZtlI/2AD15T1X2sjSuGns=
-github.com/json-iterator/go v1.1.7/go.mod h1:KdQUCv79m/52Kvf8AW2vK1V8akMuk1QjK/uOdHXbAo4=
+github.com/json-iterator/go v1.1.9/go.mod h1:KdQUCv79m/52Kvf8AW2vK1V8akMuk1QjK/uOdHXbAo4=
 github.com/leodido/go-urn v1.2.0 h1:hpXL4XnriNwQ/ABnpepYM/1vCLWNDfUNts8dX3xTG6Y=
 github.com/leodido/go-urn v1.2.0/go.mod h1:+8+nEpDfqqsY+g338gtMEUOtuK+4dEMhiQEgxpxOKII=
-github.com/mattn/go-isatty v0.0.9 h1:d5US/mDsogSGW37IV293h//ZFaeajb69h+EHFsv2xGg=
+github.com/mattn/go-isatty v0.0.12 h1:wuysRhFDzyxgEmMf5xjvJ2M9dZoWAXNNr5LSBS7uHXY=
-github.com/mattn/go-isatty v0.0.9/go.mod h1:YNRxwqDuOph6SZLI9vUUz6OYw3QyUt7WiY2yME+cCiQ=
+github.com/mattn/go-isatty v0.0.12/go.mod h1:cbi8OIDigv2wuxKPP5vlRcQ1OAZbq2CE4Kysco4FUpU=
 github.com/modern-go/concurrent v0.0.0-20180228061459-e0a39a4cb421 h1:ZqeYNhU3OHLH3mGKHDcjJRFFRrJa6eAM5H+CtDdOsPc=
 github.com/modern-go/concurrent v0.0.0-20180228061459-e0a39a4cb421/go.mod h1:6dJC0mAP4ikYIbvyc7fijjWJddQyLn8Ig3JB5CqoB9Q=
 github.com/modern-go/reflect2 v0.0.0-20180701023420-4b7aa43c6742 h1:Esafd1046DLDQ0W1YjYsBW+p8U2u7vzgW2SQVmlNazg=
@@ -34,11 +33,12 @@ github.com/ugorji/go v1.1.7 h1:/68gy2h+1mWMrwZFeD1kQialdSzAb432dtpeJ42ovdo=
 github.com/ugorji/go v1.1.7/go.mod h1:kZn38zHttfInRq0xu/PH0az30d+z6vm202qpg1oXVMw=
 github.com/ugorji/go/codec v1.1.7 h1:2SvQaVZ1ouYrrKKwoSk2pzd4A9evlKJb9oTL+OaLUSs=
 github.com/ugorji/go/codec v1.1.7/go.mod h1:Ax+UKWsSmolVDwsd+7N3ZtXu+yMGCf907BLYF3GoBXY=
-golang.org/x/sys v0.0.0-20190813064441-fde4db37ae7a h1:aYOabOQFp6Vj6W1F80affTUvO9UxmJRx8K0gsfABByQ=
+golang.org/x/sys v0.0.0-20200116001909-b77594299b42 h1:vEOn+mP2zCOVzKckCZy6YsCtDblrpj/w7B9nxGNELpg=
-golang.org/x/sys v0.0.0-20190813064441-fde4db37ae7a/go.mod h1:h1NjWce9XRLGQEsW7wpKNCjG9DtNlClVuFLEZdDNbEs=
+golang.org/x/sys v0.0.0-20200116001909-b77594299b42/go.mod h1:h1NjWce9XRLGQEsW7wpKNCjG9DtNlClVuFLEZdDNbEs=
 golang.org/x/text v0.3.2/go.mod h1:bEr9sfX3Q8Zfm5fL9x+3itogRgK3+ptLWKqgva+5dAk=
 golang.org/x/tools v0.0.0-20180917221912-90fa682c2a6e/go.mod h1:n7NCudcB/nEzxVGmLbDWY5pfWTLqBcC2KZ6jyYvM4mQ=
 gopkg.in/check.v1 v0.0.0-20161208181325-20d25e280405 h1:yhCVgyC4o1eVCa2tZl7eS0r+SDo693bJlVdllGtEeKM=
 gopkg.in/check.v1 v0.0.0-20161208181325-20d25e280405/go.mod h1:Co6ibVJAznAaIkqp8huTwlJQCZ016jof/cbN4VW5Yz0=
-gopkg.in/yaml.v2 v2.2.2 h1:ZCJp+EgiOT7lHqUV2J862kp8Qj64Jo6az82+3Td9dZw=
 gopkg.in/yaml.v2 v2.2.2/go.mod h1:hI93XBmqTisBFMUTm0b8Fm+jr3Dg1NNxqwp+5A1VGuI=
+gopkg.in/yaml.v2 v2.2.8 h1:obN1ZagJSUGI0Ek/LBmuj4SNLPfIny3KsKFopxRdj10=
+gopkg.in/yaml.v2 v2.2.8/go.mod h1:hI93XBmqTisBFMUTm0b8Fm+jr3Dg1NNxqwp+5A1VGuI=

internal/bytesconv/bytesconv.go

@@ -0,0 +1,19 @@
+package bytesconv
+
+import (
+	"reflect"
+	"unsafe"
+)
+
+// StringToBytes converts string to byte slice without a memory allocation.
+func StringToBytes(s string) (b []byte) {
+	sh := *(*reflect.StringHeader)(unsafe.Pointer(&s))
+	bh := (*reflect.SliceHeader)(unsafe.Pointer(&b))
+	bh.Data, bh.Len, bh.Cap = sh.Data, sh.Len, sh.Len
+	return b
+}
+
+// BytesToString converts byte slice to string without a memory allocation.
+func BytesToString(b []byte) string {
+	return *(*string)(unsafe.Pointer(&b))
+}

internal/bytesconv/bytesconv_test.go

@@ -0,0 +1,95 @@
+package bytesconv
+
+import (
+	"bytes"
+	"math/rand"
+	"strings"
+	"testing"
+	"time"
+)
+
+var testString = "Albert Einstein: Logic will get you from A to B. Imagination will take you everywhere."
+var testBytes = []byte(testString)
+
+func rawBytesToStr(b []byte) string {
+	return string(b)
+}
+
+func rawStrToBytes(s string) []byte {
+	return []byte(s)
+}
+
+// go test -v
+
+func TestBytesToString(t *testing.T) {
+	data := make([]byte, 1024)
+	for i := 0; i < 100; i++ {
+		rand.Read(data)
+		if rawBytesToStr(data) != BytesToString(data) {
+			t.Fatal("don't match")
+		}
+	}
+}
+
+const letterBytes = "abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyzABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZ"
+const (
+	letterIdxBits = 6                    // 6 bits to represent a letter index
+	letterIdxMask = 1<<letterIdxBits - 1 // All 1-bits, as many as letterIdxBits
+	letterIdxMax  = 63 / letterIdxBits   // # of letter indices fitting in 63 bits
+)
+
+var src = rand.NewSource(time.Now().UnixNano())
+
+func RandStringBytesMaskImprSrcSB(n int) string {
+	sb := strings.Builder{}
+	sb.Grow(n)
+	// A src.Int63() generates 63 random bits, enough for letterIdxMax characters!
+	for i, cache, remain := n-1, src.Int63(), letterIdxMax; i >= 0; {
+		if remain == 0 {
+			cache, remain = src.Int63(), letterIdxMax
+		}
+		if idx := int(cache & letterIdxMask); idx < len(letterBytes) {
+			sb.WriteByte(letterBytes[idx])
+			i--
+		}
+		cache >>= letterIdxBits
+		remain--
+	}
+
+	return sb.String()
+}
+
+func TestStringToBytes(t *testing.T) {
+	for i := 0; i < 100; i++ {
+		s := RandStringBytesMaskImprSrcSB(64)
+		if !bytes.Equal(rawStrToBytes(s), StringToBytes(s)) {
+			t.Fatal("don't match")
+		}
+	}
+}
+
+// go test -v -run=none -bench=^BenchmarkBytesConv -benchmem=true
+
+func BenchmarkBytesConvBytesToStrRaw(b *testing.B) {
+	for i := 0; i < b.N; i++ {
+		rawBytesToStr(testBytes)
+	}
+}
+
+func BenchmarkBytesConvBytesToStr(b *testing.B) {
+	for i := 0; i < b.N; i++ {
+		BytesToString(testBytes)
+	}
+}
+
+func BenchmarkBytesConvStrToBytesRaw(b *testing.B) {
+	for i := 0; i < b.N; i++ {
+		rawStrToBytes(testString)
+	}
+}
+
+func BenchmarkBytesConvStrToBytes(b *testing.B) {
+	for i := 0; i < b.N; i++ {
+		StringToBytes(testString)
+	}
+}

logger.go

@@ -141,7 +141,7 @@ var defaultLogFormatter = func(param LogFormatterParams) string {
 		// Truncate in a golang < 1.8 safe way
 		param.Latency = param.Latency - param.Latency%time.Second
 	}
-	return fmt.Sprintf("[GIN] %v |%s %3d %s| %13v | %15s |%s %-7s %s %s\n%s",
+	return fmt.Sprintf("[GIN] %v |%s %3d %s| %13v | %15s |%s %-7s %s %#v\n%s",
 		param.TimeStamp.Format("2006/01/02 - 15:04:05"),
 		statusColor, param.StatusCode, resetColor,
 		param.Latency,

logger_test.go

@@ -158,7 +158,7 @@ func TestLoggerWithFormatter(t *testing.T) {
 
 	router := New()
 	router.Use(LoggerWithFormatter(func(param LogFormatterParams) string {
-		return fmt.Sprintf("[FORMATTER TEST] %v | %3d | %13v | %15s | %-7s %s\n%s",
+		return fmt.Sprintf("[FORMATTER TEST] %v | %3d | %13v | %15s | %-7s %#v\n%s",
 			param.TimeStamp.Format("2006/01/02 - 15:04:05"),
 			param.StatusCode,
 			param.Latency,
@@ -275,11 +275,11 @@ func TestDefaultLogFormatter(t *testing.T) {
 		isTerm:       false,
 	}
 
-	assert.Equal(t, "[GIN] 2018/12/07 - 09:11:42 | 200 |            5s |     20.20.20.20 | GET      /\n", defaultLogFormatter(termFalseParam))
+	assert.Equal(t, "[GIN] 2018/12/07 - 09:11:42 | 200 |            5s |     20.20.20.20 | GET      \"/\"\n", defaultLogFormatter(termFalseParam))
-	assert.Equal(t, "[GIN] 2018/12/07 - 09:11:42 | 200 |    2743h29m3s |     20.20.20.20 | GET      /\n", defaultLogFormatter(termFalseLongDurationParam))
+	assert.Equal(t, "[GIN] 2018/12/07 - 09:11:42 | 200 |    2743h29m3s |     20.20.20.20 | GET      \"/\"\n", defaultLogFormatter(termFalseLongDurationParam))
 
-	assert.Equal(t, "[GIN] 2018/12/07 - 09:11:42 |\x1b[97;42m 200 \x1b[0m|            5s |     20.20.20.20 |\x1b[97;44m GET     \x1b[0m /\n", defaultLogFormatter(termTrueParam))
+	assert.Equal(t, "[GIN] 2018/12/07 - 09:11:42 |\x1b[97;42m 200 \x1b[0m|            5s |     20.20.20.20 |\x1b[97;44m GET     \x1b[0m \"/\"\n", defaultLogFormatter(termTrueParam))
-	assert.Equal(t, "[GIN] 2018/12/07 - 09:11:42 |\x1b[97;42m 200 \x1b[0m|    2743h29m3s |     20.20.20.20 |\x1b[97;44m GET     \x1b[0m /\n", defaultLogFormatter(termTrueLongDurationParam))
+	assert.Equal(t, "[GIN] 2018/12/07 - 09:11:42 |\x1b[97;42m 200 \x1b[0m|    2743h29m3s |     20.20.20.20 |\x1b[97;44m GET     \x1b[0m \"/\"\n", defaultLogFormatter(termTrueLongDurationParam))
 
 }
 
@@ -369,15 +369,15 @@ func TestErrorLogger(t *testing.T) {
 
 	w := performRequest(router, "GET", "/error")
 	assert.Equal(t, http.StatusOK, w.Code)
-	assert.Equal(t, "{\"error\":\"this is an error\"}\n", w.Body.String())
+	assert.Equal(t, "{\"error\":\"this is an error\"}", w.Body.String())
 
 	w = performRequest(router, "GET", "/abort")
 	assert.Equal(t, http.StatusUnauthorized, w.Code)
-	assert.Equal(t, "{\"error\":\"no authorized\"}\n", w.Body.String())
+	assert.Equal(t, "{\"error\":\"no authorized\"}", w.Body.String())
 
 	w = performRequest(router, "GET", "/print")
 	assert.Equal(t, http.StatusInternalServerError, w.Code)
-	assert.Equal(t, "hola!{\"error\":\"this is an error\"}\n", w.Body.String())
+	assert.Equal(t, "hola!{\"error\":\"this is an error\"}", w.Body.String())
 }
 
 func TestLoggerWithWriterSkippingPaths(t *testing.T) {

middleware_test.go

@@ -246,5 +246,5 @@ func TestMiddlewareWrite(t *testing.T) {
 	w := performRequest(router, "GET", "/")
 
 	assert.Equal(t, http.StatusBadRequest, w.Code)
-	assert.Equal(t, strings.Replace("hola\n<map><foo>bar</foo></map>{\"foo\":\"bar\"}\n{\"foo\":\"bar\"}\nevent:test\ndata:message\n\n", " ", "", -1), strings.Replace(w.Body.String(), " ", "", -1))
+	assert.Equal(t, strings.Replace("hola\n<map><foo>bar</foo></map>{\"foo\":\"bar\"}{\"foo\":\"bar\"}event:test\ndata:message\n\n", " ", "", -1), strings.Replace(w.Body.String(), " ", "", -1))
 }

path.go

@@ -19,13 +19,17 @@ package gin
 //
 // If the result of this process is an empty string, "/" is returned.
 func cleanPath(p string) string {
+	const stackBufSize = 128
 	// Turn empty string into "/"
 	if p == "" {
 		return "/"
 	}
 
+	// Reasonably sized buffer on stack to avoid allocations in the common case.
+	// If a larger buffer is required, it gets allocated dynamically.
+	buf := make([]byte, 0, stackBufSize)
+
 	n := len(p)
-	var buf []byte
 
 	// Invariants:
 	//      reading from path; r is index of next byte to process.
@@ -37,15 +41,21 @@ func cleanPath(p string) string {
 
 	if p[0] != '/' {
 		r = 0
-		buf = make([]byte, n+1)
+
+		if n+1 > stackBufSize {
+			buf = make([]byte, n+1)
+		} else {
+			buf = buf[:n+1]
+		}
 		buf[0] = '/'
 	}
 
 	trailing := n > 1 && p[n-1] == '/'
 
 	// A bit more clunky without a 'lazybuf' like the path package, but the loop
-	// gets completely inlined (bufApp). So in contrast to the path package this
+	// gets completely inlined (bufApp calls).
-	// loop has no expensive function calls (except 1x make)
+	// loop has no expensive function calls (except 1x make)		// So in contrast to the path package this loop has no expensive function
+	// calls (except make, if needed).
 
 	for r < n {
 		switch {
@@ -69,7 +79,7 @@ func cleanPath(p string) string {
 				// can backtrack
 				w--
 
-				if buf == nil {
+				if len(buf) == 0 {
 					for w > 1 && p[w] != '/' {
 						w--
 					}
@@ -81,14 +91,14 @@ func cleanPath(p string) string {
 			}
 
 		default:
-			// real path element.
+			// Real path element.
-			// add slash if needed
+			// Add slash if needed
 			if w > 1 {
 				bufApp(&buf, p, w, '/')
 				w++
 			}
 
-			// copy element
+			// Copy element
 			for r < n && p[r] != '/' {
 				bufApp(&buf, p, w, p[r])
 				w++
@@ -97,27 +107,43 @@ func cleanPath(p string) string {
 		}
 	}
 
-	// re-append trailing slash
+	// Re-append trailing slash
 	if trailing && w > 1 {
 		bufApp(&buf, p, w, '/')
 		w++
 	}
 
-	if buf == nil {
+	// If the original string was not modified (or only shortened at the end),
+	// return the respective substring of the original string.
+	// Otherwise return a new string from the buffer.
+	if len(buf) == 0 {
 		return p[:w]
 	}
 	return string(buf[:w])
 }
 
-// internal helper to lazily create a buffer if necessary.
+// Internal helper to lazily create a buffer if necessary.
+// Calls to this function get inlined.
 func bufApp(buf *[]byte, s string, w int, c byte) {
-	if *buf == nil {
+	b := *buf
+	if len(b) == 0 {
+		// No modification of the original string so far.
+		// If the next character is the same as in the original string, we do
+		// not yet have to allocate a buffer.
 		if s[w] == c {
 			return
 		}
 
-		*buf = make([]byte, len(s))
+		// Otherwise use either the stack buffer, if it is large enough, or
-		copy(*buf, s[:w])
+		// allocate a new buffer on the heap, and copy all previous characters.
+		if l := len(s); l > cap(b) {
+			*buf = make([]byte, len(s))
+		} else {
+			*buf = (*buf)[:l]
+		}
+		b = *buf
+
+		copy(b, s[:w])
 	}
-	(*buf)[w] = c
+	b[w] = c
 }

path_test.go

@@ -6,15 +6,17 @@
 package gin
 
 import (
-	"runtime"
+	"strings"
 	"testing"
 
 	"github.com/stretchr/testify/assert"
 )
 
-var cleanTests = []struct {
+type cleanPathTest struct {
 	path, result string
-}{
+}
+
+var cleanTests = []cleanPathTest{
 	// Already clean
 	{"/", "/"},
 	{"/abc", "/abc"},
@@ -77,13 +79,62 @@ func TestPathCleanMallocs(t *testing.T) {
 	if testing.Short() {
 		t.Skip("skipping malloc count in short mode")
 	}
-	if runtime.GOMAXPROCS(0) > 1 {
-		t.Log("skipping AllocsPerRun checks; GOMAXPROCS>1")
-		return
-	}
 
 	for _, test := range cleanTests {
 		allocs := testing.AllocsPerRun(100, func() { cleanPath(test.result) })
 		assert.EqualValues(t, allocs, 0)
 	}
 }
+
+func BenchmarkPathClean(b *testing.B) {
+	b.ReportAllocs()
+
+	for i := 0; i < b.N; i++ {
+		for _, test := range cleanTests {
+			cleanPath(test.path)
+		}
+	}
+}
+
+func genLongPaths() (testPaths []cleanPathTest) {
+	for i := 1; i <= 1234; i++ {
+		ss := strings.Repeat("a", i)
+
+		correctPath := "/" + ss
+		testPaths = append(testPaths, cleanPathTest{
+			path:   correctPath,
+			result: correctPath,
+		}, cleanPathTest{
+			path:   ss,
+			result: correctPath,
+		}, cleanPathTest{
+			path:   "//" + ss,
+			result: correctPath,
+		}, cleanPathTest{
+			path:   "/" + ss + "/b/..",
+			result: correctPath,
+		})
+	}
+	return
+}
+
+func TestPathCleanLong(t *testing.T) {
+	cleanTests := genLongPaths()
+
+	for _, test := range cleanTests {
+		assert.Equal(t, test.result, cleanPath(test.path))
+		assert.Equal(t, test.result, cleanPath(test.result))
+	}
+}
+
+func BenchmarkPathCleanLong(b *testing.B) {
+	cleanTests := genLongPaths()
+	b.ResetTimer()
+	b.ReportAllocs()
+
+	for i := 0; i < b.N; i++ {
+		for _, test := range cleanTests {
+			cleanPath(test.path)
+		}
+	}
+}

render/json.go

@@ -10,6 +10,7 @@ import (
 	"html/template"
 	"net/http"
 
+	"github.com/gin-gonic/gin/internal/bytesconv"
 	"github.com/gin-gonic/gin/internal/json"
 )
 
@@ -68,8 +69,11 @@ func (r JSON) WriteContentType(w http.ResponseWriter) {
 // WriteJSON marshals the given interface object and writes it with custom ContentType.
 func WriteJSON(w http.ResponseWriter, obj interface{}) error {
 	writeContentType(w, jsonContentType)
-	encoder := json.NewEncoder(w)
+	jsonBytes, err := json.Marshal(obj)
-	err := encoder.Encode(&obj)
+	if err != nil {
+		return err
+	}
+	_, err = w.Write(jsonBytes)
 	return err
 }
 
@@ -97,8 +101,9 @@ func (r SecureJSON) Render(w http.ResponseWriter) error {
 		return err
 	}
 	// if the jsonBytes is array values
-	if bytes.HasPrefix(jsonBytes, []byte("[")) && bytes.HasSuffix(jsonBytes, []byte("]")) {
+	if bytes.HasPrefix(jsonBytes, bytesconv.StringToBytes("[")) && bytes.HasSuffix(jsonBytes,
-		_, err = w.Write([]byte(r.Prefix))
+		bytesconv.StringToBytes("]")) {
+		_, err = w.Write(bytesconv.StringToBytes(r.Prefix))
 		if err != nil {
 			return err
 		}
@@ -126,11 +131,11 @@ func (r JsonpJSON) Render(w http.ResponseWriter) (err error) {
 	}
 
 	callback := template.JSEscapeString(r.Callback)
-	_, err = w.Write([]byte(callback))
+	_, err = w.Write(bytesconv.StringToBytes(callback))
 	if err != nil {
 		return err
 	}
-	_, err = w.Write([]byte("("))
+	_, err = w.Write(bytesconv.StringToBytes("("))
 	if err != nil {
 		return err
 	}
@@ -138,7 +143,7 @@ func (r JsonpJSON) Render(w http.ResponseWriter) (err error) {
 	if err != nil {
 		return err
 	}
-	_, err = w.Write([]byte(");"))
+	_, err = w.Write(bytesconv.StringToBytes(");"))
 	if err != nil {
 		return err
 	}
@@ -160,7 +165,7 @@ func (r AsciiJSON) Render(w http.ResponseWriter) (err error) {
 	}
 
 	var buffer bytes.Buffer
-	for _, r := range string(ret) {
+	for _, r := range bytesconv.BytesToString(ret) {
 		cvt := string(r)
 		if r >= 128 {
 			cvt = fmt.Sprintf("\\u%04x", int64(r))

render/msgpack.go

@@ -2,6 +2,8 @@
 // Use of this source code is governed by a MIT style
 // license that can be found in the LICENSE file.
 
+// +build !nomsgpack
+
 package render
 
 import (
@@ -10,6 +12,10 @@ import (
 	"github.com/ugorji/go/codec"
 )
 
+var (
+	_ Render = MsgPack{}
+)
+
 // MsgPack contains the given interface object.
 type MsgPack struct {
 	Data interface{}

render/render.go

@@ -27,7 +27,6 @@ var (
 	_ HTMLRender = HTMLDebug{}
 	_ HTMLRender = HTMLProduction{}
 	_ Render     = YAML{}
-	_ Render     = MsgPack{}
 	_ Render     = Reader{}
 	_ Render     = AsciiJSON{}
 	_ Render     = ProtoBuf{}

render/render_msgpack_test.go

@@ -0,0 +1,43 @@
+// Copyright 2014 Manu Martinez-Almeida.  All rights reserved.
+// Use of this source code is governed by a MIT style
+// license that can be found in the LICENSE file.
+
+// +build !nomsgpack
+
+package render
+
+import (
+	"bytes"
+	"net/http/httptest"
+	"testing"
+
+	"github.com/stretchr/testify/assert"
+	"github.com/ugorji/go/codec"
+)
+
+// TODO unit tests
+// test errors
+
+func TestRenderMsgPack(t *testing.T) {
+	w := httptest.NewRecorder()
+	data := map[string]interface{}{
+		"foo": "bar",
+	}
+
+	(MsgPack{data}).WriteContentType(w)
+	assert.Equal(t, "application/msgpack; charset=utf-8", w.Header().Get("Content-Type"))
+
+	err := (MsgPack{data}).Render(w)
+
+	assert.NoError(t, err)
+
+	h := new(codec.MsgpackHandle)
+	assert.NotNil(t, h)
+	buf := bytes.NewBuffer([]byte{})
+	assert.NotNil(t, buf)
+	err = codec.NewEncoder(buf, h).Encode(data)
+
+	assert.NoError(t, err)
+	assert.Equal(t, w.Body.String(), string(buf.Bytes()))
+	assert.Equal(t, "application/msgpack; charset=utf-8", w.Header().Get("Content-Type"))
+}

render/render_test.go

@@ -5,7 +5,6 @@
 package render
 
 import (
-	"bytes"
 	"encoding/xml"
 	"errors"
 	"html/template"
@@ -17,7 +16,6 @@ import (
 
 	"github.com/golang/protobuf/proto"
 	"github.com/stretchr/testify/assert"
-	"github.com/ugorji/go/codec"
 
 	testdata "github.com/gin-gonic/gin/testdata/protoexample"
 )
@@ -25,30 +23,6 @@ import (
 // TODO unit tests
 // test errors
 
-func TestRenderMsgPack(t *testing.T) {
-	w := httptest.NewRecorder()
-	data := map[string]interface{}{
-		"foo": "bar",
-	}
-
-	(MsgPack{data}).WriteContentType(w)
-	assert.Equal(t, "application/msgpack; charset=utf-8", w.Header().Get("Content-Type"))
-
-	err := (MsgPack{data}).Render(w)
-
-	assert.NoError(t, err)
-
-	h := new(codec.MsgpackHandle)
-	assert.NotNil(t, h)
-	buf := bytes.NewBuffer([]byte{})
-	assert.NotNil(t, buf)
-	err = codec.NewEncoder(buf, h).Encode(data)
-
-	assert.NoError(t, err)
-	assert.Equal(t, w.Body.String(), buf.String())
-	assert.Equal(t, "application/msgpack; charset=utf-8", w.Header().Get("Content-Type"))
-}
-
 func TestRenderJSON(t *testing.T) {
 	w := httptest.NewRecorder()
 	data := map[string]interface{}{
@@ -62,7 +36,7 @@ func TestRenderJSON(t *testing.T) {
 	err := (JSON{data}).Render(w)
 
 	assert.NoError(t, err)
-	assert.Equal(t, "{\"foo\":\"bar\",\"html\":\"\\u003cb\\u003e\"}\n", w.Body.String())
+	assert.Equal(t, "{\"foo\":\"bar\",\"html\":\"\\u003cb\\u003e\"}", w.Body.String())
 	assert.Equal(t, "application/json; charset=utf-8", w.Header().Get("Content-Type"))
 }
 

tree.go

@@ -107,16 +107,15 @@ type node struct {
 
 // increments priority of the given child and reorders if necessary.
 func (n *node) incrementChildPrio(pos int) int {
-	n.children[pos].priority++
+	cs := n.children
-	prio := n.children[pos].priority
+	cs[pos].priority++
+	prio := cs[pos].priority
 
-	// adjust position (move to front)
+	// Adjust position (move to front)
 	newPos := pos
-	for newPos > 0 && n.children[newPos-1].priority < prio {
+	for ; newPos > 0 && cs[newPos-1].priority < prio; newPos-- {
-		// swap node positions
+		// Swap node positions
-		n.children[newPos-1], n.children[newPos] = n.children[newPos], n.children[newPos-1]
+		cs[newPos-1], cs[newPos] = cs[newPos], cs[newPos-1]
-
-		newPos--
 	}
 
 	// build new index char string
@@ -170,9 +169,9 @@ walk:
 			}
 
 			// Update maxParams (max of all children)
-			for i := range child.children {
+			for _, v := range child.children {
-				if child.children[i].maxParams > child.maxParams {
+				if v.maxParams > child.maxParams {
-					child.maxParams = child.children[i].maxParams
+					child.maxParams = v.maxParams
 				}
 			}
 
@@ -231,7 +230,7 @@ walk:
 			}
 
 			// Check if a child with the next path byte exists
-			for i := 0; i < len(n.indices); i++ {
+			for i, max := 0, len(n.indices); i < max; i++ {
 				if c == n.indices[i] {
 					parentFullPathIndex += len(n.path)
 					i = n.incrementChildPrio(i)
@@ -254,75 +253,91 @@ walk:
 			}
 			n.insertChild(numParams, path, fullPath, handlers)
 			return
-
-		} else if i == len(path) { // Make node a (in-path) leaf
-			if n.handlers != nil {
-				panic("handlers are already registered for path '" + fullPath + "'")
-			}
-			n.handlers = handlers
 		}
+
+		// Otherwise and handle to current node
+		if n.handlers != nil {
+			panic("handlers are already registered for path '" + fullPath + "'")
+		}
+		n.handlers = handlers
 		return
 	}
 }
 
-func (n *node) insertChild(numParams uint8, path string, fullPath string, handlers HandlersChain) {
+// Search for a wildcard segment and check the name for invalid characters.
-	var offset int // already handled bytes of the path
+// Returns -1 as index, if no wildcard war found.
-
+func findWildcard(path string) (wildcard string, i int, valid bool) {
-	// find prefix until first wildcard (beginning with ':' or '*')
+	// Find start
-	for i, max := 0, len(path); numParams > 0; i++ {
+	for start, c := range []byte(path) {
-		c := path[i]
+		// A wildcard starts with ':' (param) or '*' (catch-all)
 		if c != ':' && c != '*' {
 			continue
 		}
 
-		// find wildcard end (either '/' or path end)
+		// Find end and check for invalid characters
-		end := i + 1
+		valid = true
-		for end < max && path[end] != '/' {
+		for end, c := range []byte(path[start+1:]) {
-			switch path[end] {
+			switch c {
-			// the wildcard name must not contain ':' and '*'
+			case '/':
+				return path[start : start+1+end], start, valid
 			case ':', '*':
-				panic("only one wildcard per path segment is allowed, has: '" +
+				valid = false
-					path[i:] + "' in path '" + fullPath + "'")
-			default:
-				end++
 			}
 		}
+		return path[start:], start, valid
+	}
+	return "", -1, false
+}
 
-		// check if this Node existing children which would be
+func (n *node) insertChild(numParams uint8, path string, fullPath string, handlers HandlersChain) {
-		// unreachable if we insert the wildcard here
+	for numParams > 0 {
-		if len(n.children) > 0 {
+		// Find prefix until first wildcard
-			panic("wildcard route '" + path[i:end] +
+		wildcard, i, valid := findWildcard(path)
-				"' conflicts with existing children in path '" + fullPath + "'")
+		if i < 0 { // No wildcard found
+			break
+		}
+
+		// The wildcard name must not contain ':' and '*'
+		if !valid {
+			panic("only one wildcard per path segment is allowed, has: '" +
+				wildcard + "' in path '" + fullPath + "'")
 		}
 
 		// check if the wildcard has a name
-		if end-i < 2 {
+		if len(wildcard) < 2 {
 			panic("wildcards must be named with a non-empty name in path '" + fullPath + "'")
 		}
 
-		if c == ':' { // param
+		// Check if this node has existing children which would be
-			// split path at the beginning of the wildcard
+		// unreachable if we insert the wildcard here
+		if len(n.children) > 0 {
+			panic("wildcard segment '" + wildcard +
+				"' conflicts with existing children in path '" + fullPath + "'")
+		}
+
+		if wildcard[0] == ':' { // param
 			if i > 0 {
-				n.path = path[offset:i]
+				// Insert prefix before the current wildcard
-				offset = i
+				n.path = path[:i]
+				path = path[i:]
 			}
 
+			n.wildChild = true
 			child := &node{
 				nType:     param,
+				path:      wildcard,
 				maxParams: numParams,
 				fullPath:  fullPath,
 			}
 			n.children = []*node{child}
-			n.wildChild = true
 			n = child
 			n.priority++
 			numParams--
 
 			// if the path doesn't end with the wildcard, then there
 			// will be another non-wildcard subpath starting with '/'
-			if end < max {
+			if len(wildcard) < len(path) {
-				n.path = path[offset:end]
+				path = path[len(wildcard):]
-				offset = end
 
 				child := &node{
 					maxParams: numParams,
@@ -331,58 +346,63 @@ func (n *node) insertChild(numParams uint8, path string, fullPath string, handle
 				}
 				n.children = []*node{child}
 				n = child
+				continue
 			}
 
-		} else { // catchAll
+			// Otherwise we're done. Insert the handle in the new leaf
-			if end != max || numParams > 1 {
+			n.handlers = handlers
-				panic("catch-all routes are only allowed at the end of the path in path '" + fullPath + "'")
-			}
-
-			if len(n.path) > 0 && n.path[len(n.path)-1] == '/' {
-				panic("catch-all conflicts with existing handle for the path segment root in path '" + fullPath + "'")
-			}
-
-			// currently fixed width 1 for '/'
-			i--
-			if path[i] != '/' {
-				panic("no / before catch-all in path '" + fullPath + "'")
-			}
-
-			n.path = path[offset:i]
-
-			// first node: catchAll node with empty path
-			child := &node{
-				wildChild: true,
-				nType:     catchAll,
-				maxParams: 1,
-				fullPath:  fullPath,
-			}
-			// update maxParams of the parent node
-			if n.maxParams < 1 {
-				n.maxParams = 1
-			}
-			n.children = []*node{child}
-			n.indices = string(path[i])
-			n = child
-			n.priority++
-
-			// second node: node holding the variable
-			child = &node{
-				path:      path[i:],
-				nType:     catchAll,
-				maxParams: 1,
-				handlers:  handlers,
-				priority:  1,
-				fullPath:  fullPath,
-			}
-			n.children = []*node{child}
-
 			return
 		}
+
+		// catchAll
+		if i+len(wildcard) != len(path) || numParams > 1 {
+			panic("catch-all routes are only allowed at the end of the path in path '" + fullPath + "'")
+		}
+
+		if len(n.path) > 0 && n.path[len(n.path)-1] == '/' {
+			panic("catch-all conflicts with existing handle for the path segment root in path '" + fullPath + "'")
+		}
+
+		// currently fixed width 1 for '/'
+		i--
+		if path[i] != '/' {
+			panic("no / before catch-all in path '" + fullPath + "'")
+		}
+
+		n.path = path[:i]
+
+		// First node: catchAll node with empty path
+		child := &node{
+			wildChild: true,
+			nType:     catchAll,
+			maxParams: 1,
+			fullPath:  fullPath,
+		}
+		// update maxParams of the parent node
+		if n.maxParams < 1 {
+			n.maxParams = 1
+		}
+		n.children = []*node{child}
+		n.indices = string('/')
+		n = child
+		n.priority++
+
+		// second node: node holding the variable
+		child = &node{
+			path:      path[i:],
+			nType:     catchAll,
+			maxParams: 1,
+			handlers:  handlers,
+			priority:  1,
+			fullPath:  fullPath,
+		}
+		n.children = []*node{child}
+
+		return
 	}
 
-	// insert remaining path part and handle to the leaf
+	// If no wildcard was found, simply insert the path and handle
-	n.path = path[offset:]
+	n.path = path
 	n.handlers = handlers
 	n.fullPath = fullPath
 }
@@ -404,107 +424,8 @@ func (n *node) getValue(path string, po Params, unescape bool) (value nodeValue)
 	value.params = po
 walk: // Outer loop for walking the tree
 	for {
-		if len(path) > len(n.path) {
+		prefix := n.path
-			if path[:len(n.path)] == n.path {
+		if path == prefix {
-				path = path[len(n.path):]
-				// If this node does not have a wildcard (param or catchAll)
-				// child,  we can just look up the next child node and continue
-				// to walk down the tree
-				if !n.wildChild {
-					c := path[0]
-					for i := 0; i < len(n.indices); i++ {
-						if c == n.indices[i] {
-							n = n.children[i]
-							continue walk
-						}
-					}
-
-					// Nothing found.
-					// We can recommend to redirect to the same URL without a
-					// trailing slash if a leaf exists for that path.
-					value.tsr = path == "/" && n.handlers != nil
-					return
-				}
-
-				// handle wildcard child
-				n = n.children[0]
-				switch n.nType {
-				case param:
-					// find param end (either '/' or path end)
-					end := 0
-					for end < len(path) && path[end] != '/' {
-						end++
-					}
-
-					// save param value
-					if cap(value.params) < int(n.maxParams) {
-						value.params = make(Params, 0, n.maxParams)
-					}
-					i := len(value.params)
-					value.params = value.params[:i+1] // expand slice within preallocated capacity
-					value.params[i].Key = n.path[1:]
-					val := path[:end]
-					if unescape {
-						var err error
-						if value.params[i].Value, err = url.QueryUnescape(val); err != nil {
-							value.params[i].Value = val // fallback, in case of error
-						}
-					} else {
-						value.params[i].Value = val
-					}
-
-					// we need to go deeper!
-					if end < len(path) {
-						if len(n.children) > 0 {
-							path = path[end:]
-							n = n.children[0]
-							continue walk
-						}
-
-						// ... but we can't
-						value.tsr = len(path) == end+1
-						return
-					}
-
-					if value.handlers = n.handlers; value.handlers != nil {
-						value.fullPath = n.fullPath
-						return
-					}
-					if len(n.children) == 1 {
-						// No handle found. Check if a handle for this path + a
-						// trailing slash exists for TSR recommendation
-						n = n.children[0]
-						value.tsr = n.path == "/" && n.handlers != nil
-					}
-
-					return
-
-				case catchAll:
-					// save param value
-					if cap(value.params) < int(n.maxParams) {
-						value.params = make(Params, 0, n.maxParams)
-					}
-					i := len(value.params)
-					value.params = value.params[:i+1] // expand slice within preallocated capacity
-					value.params[i].Key = n.path[2:]
-					if unescape {
-						var err error
-						if value.params[i].Value, err = url.QueryUnescape(path); err != nil {
-							value.params[i].Value = path // fallback, in case of error
-						}
-					} else {
-						value.params[i].Value = path
-					}
-
-					value.handlers = n.handlers
-					value.fullPath = n.fullPath
-					return
-
-				default:
-					panic("invalid node type")
-				}
-			}
-		} else if path == n.path {
 			// We should have reached the node containing the handle.
 			// Check if this node has a handle registered.
 			if value.handlers = n.handlers; value.handlers != nil {
@@ -519,8 +440,9 @@ walk: // Outer loop for walking the tree
 
 			// No handle found. Check if a handle for this path + a
 			// trailing slash exists for trailing slash recommendation
-			for i := 0; i < len(n.indices); i++ {
+			indices := n.indices
-				if n.indices[i] == '/' {
+			for i, max := 0, len(indices); i < max; i++ {
+				if indices[i] == '/' {
 					n = n.children[i]
 					value.tsr = (len(n.path) == 1 && n.handlers != nil) ||
 						(n.nType == catchAll && n.children[0].handlers != nil)
@@ -531,11 +453,111 @@ walk: // Outer loop for walking the tree
 			return
 		}
 
+		if len(path) > len(prefix) && path[:len(prefix)] == prefix {
+			path = path[len(prefix):]
+			// If this node does not have a wildcard (param or catchAll)
+			// child,  we can just look up the next child node and continue
+			// to walk down the tree
+			if !n.wildChild {
+				c := path[0]
+				indices := n.indices
+				for i, max := 0, len(indices); i < max; i++ {
+					if c == indices[i] {
+						n = n.children[i]
+						continue walk
+					}
+				}
+
+				// Nothing found.
+				// We can recommend to redirect to the same URL without a
+				// trailing slash if a leaf exists for that path.
+				value.tsr = path == "/" && n.handlers != nil
+				return
+			}
+
+			// handle wildcard child
+			n = n.children[0]
+			switch n.nType {
+			case param:
+				// find param end (either '/' or path end)
+				end := 0
+				for end < len(path) && path[end] != '/' {
+					end++
+				}
+
+				// save param value
+				if cap(value.params) < int(n.maxParams) {
+					value.params = make(Params, 0, n.maxParams)
+				}
+				i := len(value.params)
+				value.params = value.params[:i+1] // expand slice within preallocated capacity
+				value.params[i].Key = n.path[1:]
+				val := path[:end]
+				if unescape {
+					var err error
+					if value.params[i].Value, err = url.QueryUnescape(val); err != nil {
+						value.params[i].Value = val // fallback, in case of error
+					}
+				} else {
+					value.params[i].Value = val
+				}
+
+				// we need to go deeper!
+				if end < len(path) {
+					if len(n.children) > 0 {
+						path = path[end:]
+						n = n.children[0]
+						continue walk
+					}
+
+					// ... but we can't
+					value.tsr = len(path) == end+1
+					return
+				}
+
+				if value.handlers = n.handlers; value.handlers != nil {
+					value.fullPath = n.fullPath
+					return
+				}
+				if len(n.children) == 1 {
+					// No handle found. Check if a handle for this path + a
+					// trailing slash exists for TSR recommendation
+					n = n.children[0]
+					value.tsr = n.path == "/" && n.handlers != nil
+				}
+				return
+
+			case catchAll:
+				// save param value
+				if cap(value.params) < int(n.maxParams) {
+					value.params = make(Params, 0, n.maxParams)
+				}
+				i := len(value.params)
+				value.params = value.params[:i+1] // expand slice within preallocated capacity
+				value.params[i].Key = n.path[2:]
+				if unescape {
+					var err error
+					if value.params[i].Value, err = url.QueryUnescape(path); err != nil {
+						value.params[i].Value = path // fallback, in case of error
+					}
+				} else {
+					value.params[i].Value = path
+				}
+
+				value.handlers = n.handlers
+				value.fullPath = n.fullPath
+				return
+
+			default:
+				panic("invalid node type")
+			}
+		}
+
 		// Nothing found. We can recommend to redirect to the same URL with an
 		// extra trailing slash if a leaf exists for that path
 		value.tsr = (path == "/") ||
-			(len(n.path) == len(path)+1 && n.path[len(path)] == '/' &&
+			(len(prefix) == len(path)+1 && prefix[len(path)] == '/' &&
-				path == n.path[:len(n.path)-1] && n.handlers != nil)
+				path == prefix[:len(prefix)-1] && n.handlers != nil)
 		return
 	}
 }
@@ -601,25 +623,25 @@ func (n *node) findCaseInsensitivePath(path string, fixTrailingSlash bool) (ciPa
 		n = n.children[0]
 		switch n.nType {
 		case param:
-			// find param end (either '/' or path end)
+			// Find param end (either '/' or path end)
-			k := 0
+			end := 0
-			for k < len(path) && path[k] != '/' {
+			for end < len(path) && path[end] != '/' {
-				k++
+				end++
 			}
 
 			// add param value to case insensitive path
-			ciPath = append(ciPath, path[:k]...)
+			ciPath = append(ciPath, path[:end]...)
 
 			// we need to go deeper!
-			if k < len(path) {
+			if end < len(path) {
 				if len(n.children) > 0 {
-					path = path[k:]
+					path = path[end:]
 					n = n.children[0]
 					continue
 				}
 
 				// ... but we can't
-				if fixTrailingSlash && len(path) == k+1 {
+				if fixTrailingSlash && len(path) == end+1 {
 					return ciPath, true
 				}
 				return
@@ -627,7 +649,8 @@ func (n *node) findCaseInsensitivePath(path string, fixTrailingSlash bool) (ciPa
 
 			if n.handlers != nil {
 				return ciPath, true
-			} else if fixTrailingSlash && len(n.children) == 1 {
+			}
+			if fixTrailingSlash && len(n.children) == 1 {
 				// No handle found. Check if a handle for this path + a
 				// trailing slash exists
 				n = n.children[0]

utils.go

@@ -139,10 +139,10 @@ func resolveAddress(addr []string) string {
 	case 0:
 		if port := os.Getenv("PORT"); port != "" {
 			debugPrint("Environment variable PORT=\"%s\"", port)
-			return ":" + port
+			return "localhost:" + port
 		}
 		debugPrint("Environment variable PORT is undefined. Using port :8080 by default")
-		return ":8080"
+		return "localhost:8080"
 	case 1:
 		return addr[0]
 	default: