Merge bffa92259b into 13851e9287

Signed-off-by: prombot <prometheus-team@googlegroups.com>

.bingo/Variables.mk

@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-# Auto generated binary variables helper managed by https://github.com/bwplotka/bingo v0.8. DO NOT EDIT.
+# Auto generated binary variables helper managed by https://github.com/bwplotka/bingo v0.9. DO NOT EDIT.
 # All tools are designed to be build inside $GOBIN.
 BINGO_DIR := $(dir $(lastword $(MAKEFILE_LIST)))
 GOPATH ?= $(shell go env GOPATH)
@@ -7,16 +7,22 @@ GO     ?= $(shell which go)
 
 # Below generated variables ensure that every time a tool under each variable is invoked, the correct version
 # will be used; reinstalling only if needed.
-# For example for goimports variable:
+# For example for buf variable:
 #
 # In your main Makefile (for non array binaries):
 #
 #include .bingo/Variables.mk # Assuming -dir was set to .bingo .
 #
-#command: $(GOIMPORTS)
-#	@echo "Running goimports"
-#	@$(GOIMPORTS) <flags/args..>
+#command: $(BUF)
+#	@echo "Running buf"
+#	@$(BUF) <flags/args..>
 #
+BUF := $(GOBIN)/buf-v1.39.0
+$(BUF): $(BINGO_DIR)/buf.mod
+	@# Install binary/ries using Go 1.14+ build command. This is using bwplotka/bingo-controlled, separate go module with pinned dependencies.
+	@echo "(re)installing $(GOBIN)/buf-v1.39.0"
+	@cd $(BINGO_DIR) && GOWORK=off $(GO) build -mod=mod -modfile=buf.mod -o=$(GOBIN)/buf-v1.39.0 "github.com/bufbuild/buf/cmd/buf"
+
 GOIMPORTS := $(GOBIN)/goimports-v0.9.3
 $(GOIMPORTS): $(BINGO_DIR)/goimports.mod
 	@# Install binary/ries using Go 1.14+ build command. This is using bwplotka/bingo-controlled, separate go module with pinned dependencies.

.bingo/buf.mod

@@ -0,0 +1,5 @@
+module _ // Auto generated by https://github.com/bwplotka/bingo. DO NOT EDIT
+
+go 1.22.6
+
+require github.com/bufbuild/buf v1.39.0 // cmd/buf

.bingo/buf.sum

@@ -0,0 +1,336 @@
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+golang.org/x/text v0.3.3/go.mod h1:5Zoc/QRtKVWzQhOtBMvqHzDpF6irO9z98xDceosuGiQ=
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+golang.org/x/xerrors v0.0.0-20200804184101-5ec99f83aff1/go.mod h1:I/5z698sn9Ka8TeJc9MKroUUfqBBauWjQqLJ2OPfmY0=
+google.golang.org/appengine v1.1.0/go.mod h1:EbEs0AVv82hx2wNQdGPgUI5lhzA/G0D9YwlJXL52JkM=
+google.golang.org/appengine v1.4.0/go.mod h1:xpcJRLb0r/rnEns0DIKYYv+WjYCduHsrkT7/EB5XEv4=
+google.golang.org/genproto v0.0.0-20180817151627-c66870c02cf8/go.mod h1:JiN7NxoALGmiZfu7CAH4rXhgtRTLTxftemlI0sWmxmc=
+google.golang.org/genproto v0.0.0-20190819201941-24fa4b261c55/go.mod h1:DMBHOl98Agz4BDEuKkezgsaosCRResVns1a3J2ZsMNc=
+google.golang.org/genproto v0.0.0-20200526211855-cb27e3aa2013/go.mod h1:NbSheEEYHJ7i3ixzK3sjbqSGDJWnxyFXZblF3eUsNvo=
+google.golang.org/genproto/googleapis/api v0.0.0-20240823204242-4ba0660f739c h1:e0zB268kOca6FbuJkYUGxfwG4DKFZG/8DLyv9Zv66cE=
+google.golang.org/genproto/googleapis/api v0.0.0-20240823204242-4ba0660f739c/go.mod h1:fO8wJzT2zbQbAjbIoos1285VfEIYKDDY+Dt+WpTkh6g=
+google.golang.org/genproto/googleapis/rpc v0.0.0-20240823204242-4ba0660f739c h1:Kqjm4WpoWvwhMPcrAczoTyMySQmYa9Wy2iL6Con4zn8=
+google.golang.org/genproto/googleapis/rpc v0.0.0-20240823204242-4ba0660f739c/go.mod h1:UqMtugtsSgubUsoxbuAoiCXvqvErP7Gf0so0mK9tHxU=
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+google.golang.org/grpc v1.25.1/go.mod h1:c3i+UQWmh7LiEpx4sFZnkU36qjEYZ0imhYfXVyQciAY=
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+gopkg.in/yaml.v3 v3.0.0-20200313102051-9f266ea9e77c/go.mod h1:K4uyk7z7BCEPqu6E+C64Yfv1cQ7kz7rIZviUmN+EgEM=
+gopkg.in/yaml.v3 v3.0.1 h1:fxVm/GzAzEWqLHuvctI91KS9hhNmmWOoWu0XTYJS7CA=
+gopkg.in/yaml.v3 v3.0.1/go.mod h1:K4uyk7z7BCEPqu6E+C64Yfv1cQ7kz7rIZviUmN+EgEM=
+honnef.co/go/tools v0.0.0-20190102054323-c2f93a96b099/go.mod h1:rf3lG4BRIbNafJWhAfAdb/ePZxsR/4RtNHQocxwk9r4=
+honnef.co/go/tools v0.0.0-20190523083050-ea95bdfd59fc/go.mod h1:rf3lG4BRIbNafJWhAfAdb/ePZxsR/4RtNHQocxwk9r4=

.bingo/variables.env

@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-# Auto generated binary variables helper managed by https://github.com/bwplotka/bingo v0.8. DO NOT EDIT.
+# Auto generated binary variables helper managed by https://github.com/bwplotka/bingo v0.9. DO NOT EDIT.
 # All tools are designed to be build inside $GOBIN.
 # Those variables will work only until 'bingo get' was invoked, or if tools were installed via Makefile's Variables.mk.
 GOBIN=${GOBIN:=$(go env GOBIN)}
@@ -8,5 +8,7 @@ if [ -z "$GOBIN" ]; then
 fi
 
 
+BUF="${GOBIN}/buf-v1.39.0"
+
 GOIMPORTS="${GOBIN}/goimports-v0.9.3"
 

.github/workflows/codeql-analysis.yml

@@ -46,11 +46,11 @@ jobs:
 
     steps:
     - name: Checkout repository
-      uses: actions/checkout@d632683dd7b4114ad314bca15554477dd762a938 # v4.2.0
+      uses: actions/checkout@11bd71901bbe5b1630ceea73d27597364c9af683 # v4.2.2
 
     # Initializes the CodeQL tools for scanning.
     - name: Initialize CodeQL
-      uses: github/codeql-action/init@e2b3eafc8d227b0241d48be5f425d47c2d750a13 # v3.26.10
+      uses: github/codeql-action/init@662472033e021d55d94146f66f6058822b0b39fd # v3.27.0
       with:
         languages: ${{ matrix.language }}
         # If you wish to specify custom queries, you can do so here or in a config file.
@@ -61,7 +61,7 @@ jobs:
     # Autobuild attempts to build any compiled languages  (C/C++, C#, or Java).
     # If this step fails, then you should remove it and run the build manually (see below)
     - name: Autobuild
-      uses: github/codeql-action/autobuild@e2b3eafc8d227b0241d48be5f425d47c2d750a13 # v3.26.10
+      uses: github/codeql-action/autobuild@662472033e021d55d94146f66f6058822b0b39fd # v3.27.0
 
     # ℹ️ Command-line programs to run using the OS shell.
     # 📚 https://git.io/JvXDl
@@ -75,4 +75,4 @@ jobs:
     #   make release
 
     - name: Perform CodeQL Analysis
-      uses: github/codeql-action/analyze@e2b3eafc8d227b0241d48be5f425d47c2d750a13 # v3.26.10
+      uses: github/codeql-action/analyze@662472033e021d55d94146f66f6058822b0b39fd # v3.27.0

.github/workflows/container_description.yml

@@ -18,7 +18,7 @@ jobs:
     if: github.repository_owner == 'prometheus' || github.repository_owner == 'prometheus-community' # Don't run this workflow on forks.
     steps:
       - name: git checkout
-        uses: actions/checkout@d632683dd7b4114ad314bca15554477dd762a938 # v4.2.0
+        uses: actions/checkout@11bd71901bbe5b1630ceea73d27597364c9af683 # v4.2.2
       - name: Set docker hub repo name
         run: echo "DOCKER_REPO_NAME=$(make docker-repo-name)" >> $GITHUB_ENV
       - name: Push README to Dockerhub
@@ -40,7 +40,7 @@ jobs:
     if: github.repository_owner == 'prometheus' || github.repository_owner == 'prometheus-community' # Don't run this workflow on forks.
     steps:
       - name: git checkout
-        uses: actions/checkout@d632683dd7b4114ad314bca15554477dd762a938 # v4.2.0
+        uses: actions/checkout@11bd71901bbe5b1630ceea73d27597364c9af683 # v4.2.2
       - name: Set quay.io org name
         run: echo "DOCKER_REPO=$(echo quay.io/${GITHUB_REPOSITORY_OWNER} | tr -d '-')" >> $GITHUB_ENV
       - name: Set quay.io repo name

.github/workflows/dagger-golangci-lint.yml

@@ -23,9 +23,9 @@ jobs:
     runs-on: ubuntu-latest
     steps:
       - name: Checkout repository
-        uses: actions/checkout@d632683dd7b4114ad314bca15554477dd762a938 # v4.2.0
+        uses: actions/checkout@11bd71901bbe5b1630ceea73d27597364c9af683 # v4.2.2
       - name: Lint
-        uses: dagger/dagger-for-github@fc945fa66fc7bfa72bc80f85b1a1ef4bd1d30cbb # v6.11.0
+        uses: dagger/dagger-for-github@ad6a4e308a42fb2cf9be8b060f9aba9d57d4c9aa # v6.14.0
         with:
           version: "latest"
           verb: call

.github/workflows/go.yml

@@ -24,7 +24,7 @@ jobs:
         supported_versions: ${{ steps.matrix.outputs.supported_versions }}
     steps:
       - name: Checkout code
-        uses: actions/checkout@d632683dd7b4114ad314bca15554477dd762a938 # v4.2.0
+        uses: actions/checkout@11bd71901bbe5b1630ceea73d27597364c9af683 # v4.2.2
       - name: Read supported_go_versions.txt
         id: matrix
         run: |
@@ -43,17 +43,17 @@ jobs:
 
     steps:
       - name: Checkout code
-        uses: actions/checkout@d632683dd7b4114ad314bca15554477dd762a938 # v4.2.0
+        uses: actions/checkout@11bd71901bbe5b1630ceea73d27597364c9af683 # v4.2.2
 
       - name: Run tests and check license
-        uses: dagger/dagger-for-github@fc945fa66fc7bfa72bc80f85b1a1ef4bd1d30cbb # v6.11.0
+        uses: dagger/dagger-for-github@ad6a4e308a42fb2cf9be8b060f9aba9d57d4c9aa # v6.14.0
         with:
           version: "latest"
           verb: call
           args: -vvv --src . make --go-version ${{matrix.go_version}} --args 'check_license test'
 
       - name: Run style and unused
-        uses: dagger/dagger-for-github@fc945fa66fc7bfa72bc80f85b1a1ef4bd1d30cbb # v6.11.0
+        uses: dagger/dagger-for-github@ad6a4e308a42fb2cf9be8b060f9aba9d57d4c9aa # v6.14.0
         if: ${{ matrix.go_version == '1.21' }}
         with:
           version: "latest"

.github/workflows/golangci-lint.yml

@@ -24,16 +24,16 @@ jobs:
     runs-on: ubuntu-latest
     steps:
       - name: Checkout repository
-        uses: actions/checkout@d632683dd7b4114ad314bca15554477dd762a938 # v4.2.0
+        uses: actions/checkout@11bd71901bbe5b1630ceea73d27597364c9af683 # v4.2.2
       - name: Install Go
-        uses: actions/setup-go@0a12ed9d6a96ab950c8f026ed9f722fe0da7ef32 # v5.0.2
+        uses: actions/setup-go@41dfa10bad2bb2ae585af6ee5bb4d7d973ad74ed # v5.1.0
         with:
           go-version: 1.23.x
       - name: Install snmp_exporter/generator dependencies
         run: sudo apt-get update && sudo apt-get -y install libsnmp-dev
         if: github.repository == 'prometheus/snmp_exporter'
       - name: Lint
-        uses: golangci/golangci-lint-action@aaa42aa0628b4ae2578232a66b541047968fac86 # v6.1.0
+        uses: golangci/golangci-lint-action@971e284b6050e8a5849b72094c50ab08da042db8 # v6.1.1
         with:
           args: --verbose
-          version: v1.60.2
+          version: v1.61.0

.github/workflows/update-go-versions.yml

@@ -13,7 +13,7 @@ jobs:
 
     steps:
       - name: Checkout repository
-        uses: actions/checkout@d632683dd7b4114ad314bca15554477dd762a938 # v4.2.0
+        uses: actions/checkout@11bd71901bbe5b1630ceea73d27597364c9af683 # v4.2.2
 
       - name: Execute bash script
         run: bash update-go-version.bash

.golangci.yml

@@ -25,11 +25,13 @@ linters:
     - ineffassign
     - misspell
     - nolintlint
+    - perfsprint
     - predeclared
     - revive
     - staticcheck
     - unconvert
     - unused
+    - usestdlibvars
     - wastedassign
 
 issues:
@@ -66,6 +68,17 @@ linters-settings:
     local-prefixes: github.com/prometheus/client_golang
   gofumpt:
     extra-rules: true
+  perfsprint:
+    # Optimizes even if it requires an int or uint type cast.
+    int-conversion: true
+    # Optimizes into `err.Error()` even if it is only equivalent for non-nil errors.
+    err-error: true
+    # Optimizes `fmt.Errorf`.
+    errorf: true
+    # Optimizes `fmt.Sprintf` with only one argument.
+    sprintf1: true
+    # Optimizes into strings concatenation.
+    strconcat: true
   revive:
     rules:
       # https://github.com/mgechev/revive/blob/master/RULES_DESCRIPTIONS.md#unused-parameter

Makefile

@@ -48,5 +48,15 @@ generate-go-collector-test-files:
 	go mod tidy
 
 .PHONY: fmt
-fmt: common-format
+fmt: common-format $(GOIMPORTS)
 	$(GOIMPORTS) -local github.com/prometheus/client_golang -w .
+
+.PHONY: proto
+proto: ## Regenerate Go from remote write proto.
+proto: $(BUF)
+	@echo ">> regenerating Prometheus Remote Write proto"
+	@cd api/prometheus/v1/genproto && $(BUF) generate
+	@cd api/prometheus/v1 && find genproto/ -type f -exec sed -i '' 's/protohelpers "github.com\/planetscale\/vtprotobuf\/protohelpers"/protohelpers "github.com\/prometheus\/client_golang\/internal\/github.com\/planetscale\/vtprotobuf\/protohelpers"/g' {} \;
+	# For some reasons buf generates this unused import, kill it manually for now and reformat.
+	@cd api/prometheus/v1 && find genproto/ -type f -exec sed -i '' 's/_ "github.com\/gogo\/protobuf\/gogoproto"//g' {} \;
+	@cd api/prometheus/v1 && go fmt ./genproto/...

Makefile.common

@@ -61,7 +61,7 @@ PROMU_URL     := https://github.com/prometheus/promu/releases/download/v$(PROMU_
 SKIP_GOLANGCI_LINT :=
 GOLANGCI_LINT :=
 GOLANGCI_LINT_OPTS ?=
-GOLANGCI_LINT_VERSION ?= v1.60.2
+GOLANGCI_LINT_VERSION ?= v1.61.0
 # golangci-lint only supports linux, darwin and windows platforms on i386/amd64/arm64.
 # windows isn't included here because of the path separator being different.
 ifeq ($(GOHOSTOS),$(filter $(GOHOSTOS),linux darwin))

api/client.go

@@ -18,6 +18,7 @@ import (
 	"bytes"
 	"context"
 	"errors"
+	"io"
 	"net"
 	"net/http"
 	"net/url"
@@ -133,7 +134,8 @@ func (c *httpClient) Do(ctx context.Context, req *http.Request) (*http.Response,
 	resp, err := c.client.Do(req)
 	defer func() {
 		if resp != nil {
-			resp.Body.Close()
+			_, _ = io.Copy(io.Discard, resp.Body)
+			_ = resp.Body.Close()
 		}
 	}()
 
@@ -145,6 +147,7 @@ func (c *httpClient) Do(ctx context.Context, req *http.Request) (*http.Response,
 	done := make(chan struct{})
 	go func() {
 		var buf bytes.Buffer
+		// TODO(bwplotka): Add LimitReader for too long err messages (e.g. limit by 1KB)
 		_, err = buf.ReadFrom(resp.Body)
 		body = buf.Bytes()
 		close(done)

api/prometheus/v1/api_test.go

@@ -16,13 +16,13 @@ package v1
 import (
 	"context"
 	"errors"
-	"fmt"
 	"io"
 	"math"
 	"net/http"
 	"net/http/httptest"
 	"net/url"
 	"reflect"
+	"strconv"
 	"strings"
 	"testing"
 	"time"
@@ -260,7 +260,7 @@ func TestAPIs(t *testing.T) {
 		},
 		{
 			do:    doQuery("2", testTime),
-			inErr: fmt.Errorf("some error"),
+			inErr: errors.New("some error"),
 
 			reqMethod: "POST",
 			reqPath:   "/api/v1/query",
@@ -336,7 +336,7 @@ func TestAPIs(t *testing.T) {
 				End:   testTime,
 				Step:  1 * time.Minute,
 			}, WithTimeout(5*time.Second)),
-			inErr: fmt.Errorf("some error"),
+			inErr: errors.New("some error"),
 
 			reqMethod: "POST",
 			reqPath:   "/api/v1/query_range",
@@ -361,14 +361,14 @@ func TestAPIs(t *testing.T) {
 
 		{
 			do:        doLabelNames(nil, testTime.Add(-100*time.Hour), testTime),
-			inErr:     fmt.Errorf("some error"),
+			inErr:     errors.New("some error"),
 			reqMethod: "POST",
 			reqPath:   "/api/v1/labels",
 			err:       errors.New("some error"),
 		},
 		{
 			do:         doLabelNames(nil, testTime.Add(-100*time.Hour), testTime),
-			inErr:      fmt.Errorf("some error"),
+			inErr:      errors.New("some error"),
 			inWarnings: []string{"a"},
 			reqMethod:  "POST",
 			reqPath:    "/api/v1/labels",
@@ -400,14 +400,14 @@ func TestAPIs(t *testing.T) {
 
 		{
 			do:        doLabelValues(nil, "mylabel", testTime.Add(-100*time.Hour), testTime),
-			inErr:     fmt.Errorf("some error"),
+			inErr:     errors.New("some error"),
 			reqMethod: "GET",
 			reqPath:   "/api/v1/label/mylabel/values",
 			err:       errors.New("some error"),
 		},
 		{
 			do:         doLabelValues(nil, "mylabel", testTime.Add(-100*time.Hour), testTime),
-			inErr:      fmt.Errorf("some error"),
+			inErr:      errors.New("some error"),
 			inWarnings: []string{"a"},
 			reqMethod:  "GET",
 			reqPath:    "/api/v1/label/mylabel/values",
@@ -464,7 +464,7 @@ func TestAPIs(t *testing.T) {
 
 		{
 			do:        doSeries("up", testTime.Add(-time.Minute), testTime),
-			inErr:     fmt.Errorf("some error"),
+			inErr:     errors.New("some error"),
 			reqMethod: "POST",
 			reqPath:   "/api/v1/series",
 			err:       errors.New("some error"),
@@ -472,7 +472,7 @@ func TestAPIs(t *testing.T) {
 		// Series with error and warning.
 		{
 			do:         doSeries("up", testTime.Add(-time.Minute), testTime),
-			inErr:      fmt.Errorf("some error"),
+			inErr:      errors.New("some error"),
 			inWarnings: []string{"a"},
 			reqMethod:  "POST",
 			reqPath:    "/api/v1/series",
@@ -493,7 +493,7 @@ func TestAPIs(t *testing.T) {
 
 		{
 			do:        doSnapshot(true),
-			inErr:     fmt.Errorf("some error"),
+			inErr:     errors.New("some error"),
 			reqMethod: "POST",
 			reqPath:   "/api/v1/admin/tsdb/snapshot",
 			err:       errors.New("some error"),
@@ -507,7 +507,7 @@ func TestAPIs(t *testing.T) {
 
 		{
 			do:        doCleanTombstones(),
-			inErr:     fmt.Errorf("some error"),
+			inErr:     errors.New("some error"),
 			reqMethod: "POST",
 			reqPath:   "/api/v1/admin/tsdb/clean_tombstones",
 			err:       errors.New("some error"),
@@ -528,7 +528,7 @@ func TestAPIs(t *testing.T) {
 
 		{
 			do:        doDeleteSeries("up", testTime.Add(-time.Minute), testTime),
-			inErr:     fmt.Errorf("some error"),
+			inErr:     errors.New("some error"),
 			reqMethod: "POST",
 			reqPath:   "/api/v1/admin/tsdb/delete_series",
 			err:       errors.New("some error"),
@@ -550,8 +550,8 @@ func TestAPIs(t *testing.T) {
 			do:        doConfig(),
 			reqMethod: "GET",
 			reqPath:   "/api/v1/status/config",
-			inErr:     fmt.Errorf("some error"),
-			err:       fmt.Errorf("some error"),
+			inErr:     errors.New("some error"),
+			err:       errors.New("some error"),
 		},
 
 		{
@@ -578,16 +578,16 @@ func TestAPIs(t *testing.T) {
 			do:        doFlags(),
 			reqMethod: "GET",
 			reqPath:   "/api/v1/status/flags",
-			inErr:     fmt.Errorf("some error"),
-			err:       fmt.Errorf("some error"),
+			inErr:     errors.New("some error"),
+			err:       errors.New("some error"),
 		},
 
 		{
 			do:        doBuildinfo(),
 			reqMethod: "GET",
 			reqPath:   "/api/v1/status/buildinfo",
-			inErr:     fmt.Errorf("some error"),
-			err:       fmt.Errorf("some error"),
+			inErr:     errors.New("some error"),
+			err:       errors.New("some error"),
 		},
 
 		{
@@ -616,8 +616,8 @@ func TestAPIs(t *testing.T) {
 			do:        doRuntimeinfo(),
 			reqMethod: "GET",
 			reqPath:   "/api/v1/status/runtimeinfo",
-			inErr:     fmt.Errorf("some error"),
-			err:       fmt.Errorf("some error"),
+			inErr:     errors.New("some error"),
+			err:       errors.New("some error"),
 		},
 
 		{
@@ -684,8 +684,8 @@ func TestAPIs(t *testing.T) {
 			do:        doAlertManagers(),
 			reqMethod: "GET",
 			reqPath:   "/api/v1/alertmanagers",
-			inErr:     fmt.Errorf("some error"),
-			err:       fmt.Errorf("some error"),
+			inErr:     errors.New("some error"),
+			err:       errors.New("some error"),
 		},
 
 		{
@@ -891,8 +891,8 @@ func TestAPIs(t *testing.T) {
 			do:        doRules(),
 			reqMethod: "GET",
 			reqPath:   "/api/v1/rules",
-			inErr:     fmt.Errorf("some error"),
-			err:       fmt.Errorf("some error"),
+			inErr:     errors.New("some error"),
+			err:       errors.New("some error"),
 		},
 
 		{
@@ -971,8 +971,8 @@ func TestAPIs(t *testing.T) {
 			do:        doTargets(),
 			reqMethod: "GET",
 			reqPath:   "/api/v1/targets",
-			inErr:     fmt.Errorf("some error"),
-			err:       fmt.Errorf("some error"),
+			inErr:     errors.New("some error"),
+			err:       errors.New("some error"),
 		},
 
 		{
@@ -1005,7 +1005,7 @@ func TestAPIs(t *testing.T) {
 
 		{
 			do:        doTargetsMetadata("{job=\"prometheus\"}", "go_goroutines", "1"),
-			inErr:     fmt.Errorf("some error"),
+			inErr:     errors.New("some error"),
 			reqMethod: "GET",
 			reqPath:   "/api/v1/targets/metadata",
 			err:       errors.New("some error"),
@@ -1037,7 +1037,7 @@ func TestAPIs(t *testing.T) {
 
 		{
 			do:        doMetadata("", "1"),
-			inErr:     fmt.Errorf("some error"),
+			inErr:     errors.New("some error"),
 			reqMethod: "GET",
 			reqPath:   "/api/v1/metadata",
 			err:       errors.New("some error"),
@@ -1047,8 +1047,8 @@ func TestAPIs(t *testing.T) {
 			do:        doTSDB(),
 			reqMethod: "GET",
 			reqPath:   "/api/v1/status/tsdb",
-			inErr:     fmt.Errorf("some error"),
-			err:       fmt.Errorf("some error"),
+			inErr:     errors.New("some error"),
+			err:       errors.New("some error"),
 		},
 
 		{
@@ -1127,8 +1127,8 @@ func TestAPIs(t *testing.T) {
 			do:        doWalReply(),
 			reqMethod: "GET",
 			reqPath:   "/api/v1/status/walreplay",
-			inErr:     fmt.Errorf("some error"),
-			err:       fmt.Errorf("some error"),
+			inErr:     errors.New("some error"),
+			err:       errors.New("some error"),
 		},
 
 		{
@@ -1212,7 +1212,7 @@ func TestAPIs(t *testing.T) {
 	tests = append(tests, queryTests...)
 
 	for i, test := range tests {
-		t.Run(fmt.Sprintf("%d", i), func(t *testing.T) {
+		t.Run(strconv.Itoa(i), func(t *testing.T) {
 			tc.curTest = test
 
 			res, warnings, err := test.do()
@@ -1430,7 +1430,7 @@ func TestAPIClientDo(t *testing.T) {
 	}
 
 	for i, test := range tests {
-		t.Run(fmt.Sprintf("%d", i), func(t *testing.T) {
+		t.Run(strconv.Itoa(i), func(t *testing.T) {
 			tc.ch <- test
 
 			_, body, warnings, err := client.Do(context.Background(), tc.req)

api/prometheus/v1/remote/genproto/buf.gen.yaml

@@ -0,0 +1,21 @@
+# buf.gen.yaml
+version: v2
+
+plugins:
+- remote: buf.build/protocolbuffers/go:v1.31.0
+  out: .
+  opt:
+  - Mio/prometheus/write/v2/types.proto=./v2
+
+# vtproto for efficiency utilities like pooling etc.
+# https://buf.build/community/planetscale-vtprotobuf?version=v0.6.0
+- remote: buf.build/community/planetscale-vtprotobuf:v0.6.0
+  out: .
+  opt:
+  - Mio/prometheus/write/v2/types.proto=./v2
+  - features=marshal+unmarshal+size
+
+inputs:
+- module: buf.build/prometheus/prometheus:5b212ab78fb7460e831cf7ff2d83e385
+  types:
+  - "io.prometheus.write.v2.Request"

api/prometheus/v1/remote/genproto/v2/symbols.go

@@ -0,0 +1,97 @@
+// Copyright (c) Bartłomiej Płotka @bwplotka
+// Licensed under the Apache License 2.0.
+
+// Copyright 2024 Google LLC
+//
+// Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+// you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+// You may obtain a copy of the License at
+//
+//     https://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+//
+// Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+// distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+// WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+// See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+// limitations under the License.
+
+// Copyright 2024 Prometheus Team
+// Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+// you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+// You may obtain a copy of the License at
+//
+// http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+//
+// Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+// distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+// WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+// See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+// limitations under the License.
+
+package writev2
+
+// SymbolsTable implements table for easy symbol use.
+type SymbolsTable struct {
+	strings    []string
+	symbolsMap map[string]uint32
+}
+
+// NewSymbolTable returns a symbol table.
+func NewSymbolTable() SymbolsTable {
+	return SymbolsTable{
+		// Empty string is required as a first element.
+		symbolsMap: map[string]uint32{"": 0},
+		strings:    []string{""},
+	}
+}
+
+// Symbolize adds (if not added before) a string to the symbols table,
+// while returning its reference number.
+func (t *SymbolsTable) Symbolize(str string) uint32 {
+	if ref, ok := t.symbolsMap[str]; ok {
+		return ref
+	}
+	ref := uint32(len(t.strings))
+	t.strings = append(t.strings, str)
+	t.symbolsMap[str] = ref
+	return ref
+}
+
+// SymbolizeLabels symbolize Prometheus labels.
+func (t *SymbolsTable) SymbolizeLabels(lbls []string, buf []uint32) []uint32 {
+	result := buf[:0]
+	for i := 0; i < len(lbls); i += 2 {
+		off := t.Symbolize(lbls[i])
+		result = append(result, off)
+		off = t.Symbolize(lbls[i+1])
+		result = append(result, off)
+	}
+	return result
+}
+
+// Symbols returns computes symbols table to put in e.g. Request.Symbols.
+// As per spec, order does not matter.
+func (t *SymbolsTable) Symbols() []string {
+	return t.strings
+}
+
+// Reset clears symbols table.
+func (t *SymbolsTable) Reset() {
+	// NOTE: Make sure to keep empty symbol.
+	t.strings = t.strings[:1]
+	for k := range t.symbolsMap {
+		if k == "" {
+			continue
+		}
+		delete(t.symbolsMap, k)
+	}
+}
+
+// DesymbolizeLabels decodes label references, with given symbols to labels.
+func DesymbolizeLabels(labelRefs []uint32, symbols, buf []string) []string {
+	result := buf[:0]
+	for i := 0; i < len(labelRefs); i += 2 {
+		result = append(result, symbols[labelRefs[i]], symbols[labelRefs[i+1]])
+	}
+	return result
+}

api/prometheus/v1/remote/genproto/v2/symbols_test.go

@@ -0,0 +1,80 @@
+// Copyright (c) Bartłomiej Płotka @bwplotka
+// Licensed under the Apache License 2.0.
+
+// Copyright 2024 Google LLC
+//
+// Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+// you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+// You may obtain a copy of the License at
+//
+//     https://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+//
+// Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+// distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+// WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+// See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+// limitations under the License.
+
+// Copyright 2024 Prometheus Team
+// Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+// you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+// You may obtain a copy of the License at
+//
+// http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+//
+// Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+// distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+// WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+// See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+// limitations under the License.
+
+package writev2
+
+import (
+	"testing"
+
+	"github.com/google/go-cmp/cmp"
+)
+
+func requireEqual(t testing.TB, expected, got any) {
+	if diff := cmp.Diff(expected, got); diff != "" {
+		t.Fatal(diff)
+	}
+}
+
+func TestSymbolsTable(t *testing.T) {
+	s := NewSymbolTable()
+	requireEqual(t, []string{""}, s.Symbols())
+	requireEqual(t, uint32(0), s.Symbolize(""))
+	requireEqual(t, []string{""}, s.Symbols())
+
+	requireEqual(t, uint32(1), s.Symbolize("abc"))
+	requireEqual(t, []string{"", "abc"}, s.Symbols())
+
+	requireEqual(t, uint32(2), s.Symbolize("__name__"))
+	requireEqual(t, []string{"", "abc", "__name__"}, s.Symbols())
+
+	requireEqual(t, uint32(3), s.Symbolize("foo"))
+	requireEqual(t, []string{"", "abc", "__name__", "foo"}, s.Symbols())
+
+	s.Reset()
+	requireEqual(t, []string{""}, s.Symbols())
+	requireEqual(t, uint32(0), s.Symbolize(""))
+
+	requireEqual(t, uint32(1), s.Symbolize("__name__"))
+	requireEqual(t, []string{"", "__name__"}, s.Symbols())
+
+	requireEqual(t, uint32(2), s.Symbolize("abc"))
+	requireEqual(t, []string{"", "__name__", "abc"}, s.Symbols())
+
+	ls := []string{"__name__", "qwer", "zxcv", "1234"}
+	encoded := s.SymbolizeLabels(ls, nil)
+	requireEqual(t, []uint32{1, 3, 4, 5}, encoded)
+	decoded := DesymbolizeLabels(encoded, s.Symbols(), nil)
+	requireEqual(t, ls, decoded)
+
+	// Different buf.
+	ls = []string{"__name__", "qwer", "zxcv2222", "1234"}
+	encoded = s.SymbolizeLabels(ls, []uint32{1, 3, 4, 5})
+	requireEqual(t, []uint32{1, 3, 6, 5}, encoded)
+}

api/prometheus/v1/remote/remote_api.go

@@ -0,0 +1,376 @@
+// Copyright 2024 The Prometheus Authors
+// Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+// you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+// You may obtain a copy of the License at
+//
+// http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+//
+// Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+// distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+// WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+// See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+// limitations under the License.
+
+// Package remote implements bindings for Prometheus Remote APIs.
+package remote
+
+import (
+	"bytes"
+	"context"
+	"errors"
+	"fmt"
+	"io"
+	"log/slog"
+	"net/http"
+	"strconv"
+	"strings"
+	"time"
+
+	"github.com/klauspost/compress/snappy"
+	"google.golang.org/protobuf/proto"
+
+	"github.com/prometheus/client_golang/api"
+	"github.com/prometheus/client_golang/internal/github.com/efficientgo/core/backoff"
+)
+
+// API is a client for Prometheus Remote Protocols.
+// NOTE(bwplotka): Only https://prometheus.io/docs/specs/remote_write_spec_2_0/ is currently implemented,
+// read protocols to be implemented if there will be a demand.
+type API struct {
+	client api.Client
+	opts   apiOpts
+
+	reqBuf, comprBuf []byte
+}
+
+// APIOption represents a remote API option.
+type APIOption func(o *apiOpts) error
+
+// TODO(bwplotka): Add "too old sample" handling one day.
+type apiOpts struct {
+	logger           *slog.Logger
+	backoff          backoff.Config
+	compression      Compression
+	retryOnRateLimit bool
+}
+
+var defaultAPIOpts = &apiOpts{
+	backoff: backoff.Config{
+		Min:        1 * time.Second,
+		Max:        10 * time.Second,
+		MaxRetries: 10,
+	},
+	// Hardcoded for now.
+	retryOnRateLimit: true,
+	compression:      SnappyBlockCompression,
+}
+
+// WithAPILogger returns APIOption that allows providing slog logger.
+// By default, nothing is logged.
+func WithAPILogger(logger *slog.Logger) APIOption {
+	return func(o *apiOpts) error {
+		o.logger = logger
+		return nil
+	}
+}
+
+type nopSlogHandler struct{}
+
+func (n nopSlogHandler) Enabled(context.Context, slog.Level) bool  { return false }
+func (n nopSlogHandler) Handle(context.Context, slog.Record) error { return nil }
+func (n nopSlogHandler) WithAttrs([]slog.Attr) slog.Handler        { return n }
+func (n nopSlogHandler) WithGroup(string) slog.Handler             { return n }
+
+// NewAPI returns a new API for the clients of Remote Write Protocol.
+//
+// It is not safe to use the returned API from multiple goroutines, create a
+// separate *API for each goroutine.
+func NewAPI(c api.Client, opts ...APIOption) (*API, error) {
+	o := *defaultAPIOpts
+	for _, opt := range opts {
+		if err := opt(&o); err != nil {
+			return nil, err
+		}
+	}
+
+	if o.logger == nil {
+		o.logger = slog.New(nopSlogHandler{})
+	}
+
+	return &API{
+		client: c,
+		opts:   o,
+	}, nil
+}
+
+type retryableError struct {
+	error
+	retryAfter time.Duration
+}
+
+func (r retryableError) RetryAfter() time.Duration {
+	return r.retryAfter
+}
+
+type vtProtoEnabled interface {
+	SizeVT() int
+	MarshalToSizedBufferVT(dAtA []byte) (int, error)
+}
+
+// Write writes given, non-empty, protobuf message to a remote storage.
+// The https://github.com/planetscale/vtprotobuf methods will be used if your msg
+// supports those (e.g. SizeVT() and MarshalToSizedBufferVT(...)), for efficiency.
+func (r *API) Write(ctx context.Context, msg proto.Message) (_ WriteResponseStats, err error) {
+	// Detect content-type.
+	cType := WriteProtoFullName(proto.MessageName(msg))
+	if err := cType.Validate(); err != nil {
+		return WriteResponseStats{}, err
+	}
+
+	// Encode the payload.
+	if emsg, ok := msg.(vtProtoEnabled); ok {
+		// Use optimized vtprotobuf if supported.
+		size := emsg.SizeVT()
+		if len(r.reqBuf) < size {
+			r.reqBuf = make([]byte, size)
+		}
+		if _, err := emsg.MarshalToSizedBufferVT(r.reqBuf[:size]); err != nil {
+			return WriteResponseStats{}, fmt.Errorf("encoding request %w", err)
+		}
+	} else {
+		// Generic proto.
+		r.reqBuf = r.reqBuf[:0]
+		r.reqBuf, err = (proto.MarshalOptions{}).MarshalAppend(r.reqBuf, msg)
+		if err != nil {
+			return WriteResponseStats{}, fmt.Errorf("encoding request %w", err)
+		}
+	}
+
+	payload, err := compressPayload(&r.comprBuf, r.opts.compression, r.reqBuf)
+	if err != nil {
+		return WriteResponseStats{}, fmt.Errorf("compressing %w", err)
+	}
+
+	// Since we retry writes we need to track the total amount of accepted data
+	// across the various attempts.
+	accumulatedStats := WriteResponseStats{}
+
+	b := backoff.New(ctx, r.opts.backoff)
+	for {
+		rs, err := r.attemptWrite(ctx, r.opts.compression, cType, payload, b.NumRetries())
+		accumulatedStats = accumulatedStats.Add(rs)
+		if err == nil {
+			// Check the case mentioned in PRW 2.0.
+			// https://prometheus.io/docs/specs/remote_write_spec_2_0/#required-written-response-headers.
+			if cType == WriteProtoFullNameV2 && !accumulatedStats.Confirmed && accumulatedStats.NoDataWritten() {
+				// TODO(bwplotka): Allow users to disable this check or provide their stats for us to know if it's empty.
+				return accumulatedStats, fmt.Errorf("sent v2 request; "+
+					"got 2xx, but PRW 2.0 response header statistics indicate %v samples, %v histograms "+
+					"and %v exemplars were accepted; assumining failure e.g. the target only supports "+
+					"PRW 1.0 prometheus.WriteRequest, but does not check the Content-Type header correctly",
+					accumulatedStats.Samples, accumulatedStats.Histograms, accumulatedStats.Exemplars,
+				)
+			}
+			// Success!
+			// TODO(bwplotka): Debug log with retry summary?
+			return accumulatedStats, nil
+		}
+
+		var retryableErr retryableError
+		if !errors.As(err, &retryableErr) {
+			// TODO(bwplotka): More context in the error e.g. about retries.
+			return accumulatedStats, err
+		}
+
+		if !b.Ongoing() {
+			// TODO(bwplotka): More context in the error e.g. about retries.
+			return accumulatedStats, err
+		}
+
+		backoffDelay := b.NextDelay() + retryableErr.RetryAfter()
+		r.opts.logger.Error("failed to send remote write request; retrying after backoff", "err", err, "backoff", backoffDelay)
+		select {
+		case <-ctx.Done():
+			// TODO(bwplotka): More context in the error e.g. about retries.
+			return WriteResponseStats{}, ctx.Err()
+		case <-time.After(backoffDelay):
+			// Retry.
+		}
+	}
+}
+
+func compressPayload(tmpbuf *[]byte, enc Compression, inp []byte) (compressed []byte, _ error) {
+	switch enc {
+	case SnappyBlockCompression:
+		compressed = snappy.Encode(*tmpbuf, inp)
+		if n := snappy.MaxEncodedLen(len(inp)); n > len(*tmpbuf) {
+			// grow the buffer for the next time.
+			*tmpbuf = make([]byte, n)
+		}
+		return compressed, nil
+	default:
+		return compressed, fmt.Errorf("unknown compression scheme [%v]", enc)
+	}
+}
+
+func (r *API) attemptWrite(ctx context.Context, compr Compression, proto WriteProtoFullName, payload []byte, attempt int) (WriteResponseStats, error) {
+	u := r.client.URL("api/v1/write", nil)
+	req, err := http.NewRequest(http.MethodPost, u.String(), bytes.NewReader(payload))
+	if err != nil {
+		// Errors from NewRequest are from unparsable URLs, so are not
+		// recoverable.
+		return WriteResponseStats{}, err
+	}
+
+	req.Header.Add("Content-Encoding", string(compr))
+	req.Header.Set("Content-Type", contentTypeHeader(proto))
+	if proto == WriteProtoFullNameV1 {
+		// Compatibility mode for 1.0.
+		req.Header.Set(versionHeader, version1HeaderValue)
+	} else {
+		req.Header.Set(versionHeader, version20HeaderValue)
+	}
+
+	if attempt > 0 {
+		req.Header.Set("Retry-Attempt", strconv.Itoa(attempt))
+	}
+
+	resp, body, err := r.client.Do(ctx, req)
+	if err != nil {
+		// Errors from Client.Do are likely network errors, so recoverable.
+		return WriteResponseStats{}, retryableError{err, 0}
+	}
+
+	rs, err := parseWriteResponseStats(resp)
+	if err != nil {
+		r.opts.logger.Warn("parsing rw write statistics failed; partial or no stats", "err", err)
+	}
+
+	if resp.StatusCode/100 == 2 {
+		return rs, nil
+	}
+
+	err = fmt.Errorf("server returned HTTP status %s: %s", resp.Status, body)
+	if resp.StatusCode/100 == 5 ||
+		(r.opts.retryOnRateLimit && resp.StatusCode == http.StatusTooManyRequests) {
+		return rs, retryableError{err, retryAfterDuration(resp.Header.Get("Retry-After"))}
+	}
+	return rs, err
+}
+
+// retryAfterDuration returns the duration for the Retry-After header. In case of any errors, it
+// returns 0 as if the header was never supplied.
+func retryAfterDuration(t string) time.Duration {
+	parsedDuration, err := time.Parse(http.TimeFormat, t)
+	if err == nil {
+		return time.Until(parsedDuration)
+	}
+	// The duration can be in seconds.
+	d, err := strconv.Atoi(t)
+	if err != nil {
+		return 0
+	}
+	return time.Duration(d) * time.Second
+}
+
+// writeStorage represents the storage for RemoteWriteHandler.
+// This interface is intentionally private due its experimental state.
+type writeStorage interface {
+	Store(ctx context.Context, proto WriteProtoFullName, serializedRequest []byte) (_ WriteResponseStats, code int, _ error)
+}
+
+type handler struct {
+	logger *slog.Logger
+	store  writeStorage
+}
+
+// NewRemoteWriteHandler returns HTTP handler that receives Remote Write 2.0
+// protocol https://prometheus.io/docs/specs/remote_write_spec_2_0/.
+func NewRemoteWriteHandler(logger *slog.Logger, store writeStorage) http.Handler {
+	return &handler{logger: logger, store: store}
+}
+
+func parseProtoMsg(contentType string) (WriteProtoFullName, error) {
+	contentType = strings.TrimSpace(contentType)
+
+	parts := strings.Split(contentType, ";")
+	if parts[0] != appProtoContentType {
+		return "", fmt.Errorf("expected %v as the first (media) part, got %v content-type", appProtoContentType, contentType)
+	}
+	// Parse potential https://www.rfc-editor.org/rfc/rfc9110#parameter
+	for _, p := range parts[1:] {
+		pair := strings.Split(p, "=")
+		if len(pair) != 2 {
+			return "", fmt.Errorf("as per https://www.rfc-editor.org/rfc/rfc9110#parameter expected parameters to be key-values, got %v in %v content-type", p, contentType)
+		}
+		if pair[0] == "proto" {
+			ret := WriteProtoFullName(pair[1])
+			if err := ret.Validate(); err != nil {
+				return "", fmt.Errorf("got %v content type; %w", contentType, err)
+			}
+			return ret, nil
+		}
+	}
+	// No "proto=" parameter, assuming v1.
+	return WriteProtoFullNameV1, nil
+}
+
+func (h *handler) ServeHTTP(w http.ResponseWriter, r *http.Request) {
+	contentType := r.Header.Get("Content-Type")
+	if contentType == "" {
+		// Don't break yolo 1.0 clients if not needed.
+		// We could give http.StatusUnsupportedMediaType, but let's assume 1.0 message by default.
+		contentType = appProtoContentType
+	}
+
+	msgType, err := parseProtoMsg(contentType)
+	if err != nil {
+		h.logger.Error("Error decoding remote write request", "err", err)
+		http.Error(w, err.Error(), http.StatusUnsupportedMediaType)
+		return
+	}
+
+	enc := r.Header.Get("Content-Encoding")
+	if enc == "" {
+		// Don't break yolo 1.0 clients if not needed. This is similar to what we did
+		// before 2.0: https://github.com/prometheus/prometheus/blob/d78253319daa62c8f28ed47e40bafcad2dd8b586/storage/remote/write_handler.go#L62
+		// We could give http.StatusUnsupportedMediaType, but let's assume snappy by default.
+	} else if enc != string(SnappyBlockCompression) {
+		err := fmt.Errorf("%v encoding (compression) is not accepted by this server; only %v is acceptable", enc, SnappyBlockCompression)
+		h.logger.Error("Error decoding remote write request", "err", err)
+		http.Error(w, err.Error(), http.StatusUnsupportedMediaType)
+	}
+
+	// Read the request body.
+	body, err := io.ReadAll(r.Body)
+	if err != nil {
+		h.logger.Error("Error decoding remote write request", "err", err.Error())
+		http.Error(w, err.Error(), http.StatusBadRequest)
+		return
+	}
+
+	decompressed, err := snappy.Decode(nil, body)
+	if err != nil {
+		// TODO(bwplotka): Add more context to responded error?
+		h.logger.Error("Error decompressing remote write request", "err", err.Error())
+		http.Error(w, err.Error(), http.StatusBadRequest)
+		return
+	}
+
+	stats, code, storeErr := h.store.Store(r.Context(), msgType, decompressed)
+
+	// Set required X-Prometheus-Remote-Write-Written-* response headers, in all cases.
+	stats.SetHeaders(w)
+
+	if storeErr != nil {
+		if code == 0 {
+			code = http.StatusInternalServerError
+		}
+		if code/5 == 100 { // 5xx
+			h.logger.Error("Error while remote writing the v2 request", "err", storeErr.Error())
+		}
+		http.Error(w, storeErr.Error(), code)
+		return
+	}
+	w.WriteHeader(http.StatusNoContent)
+}

api/prometheus/v1/remote/remote_api_test.go

@@ -0,0 +1,157 @@
+// Copyright 2024 The Prometheus Authors
+// Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+// you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+// You may obtain a copy of the License at
+//
+// http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+//
+// Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+// distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+// WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+// See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+// limitations under the License.
+
+package remote
+
+import (
+	"context"
+	"log/slog"
+	"net/http"
+	"net/http/httptest"
+	"testing"
+	"time"
+
+	"github.com/google/go-cmp/cmp"
+	"github.com/prometheus/common/model"
+	"google.golang.org/protobuf/proto"
+	"google.golang.org/protobuf/testing/protocmp"
+
+	"github.com/prometheus/client_golang/api"
+	writev2 "github.com/prometheus/client_golang/api/prometheus/v1/remote/genproto/v2"
+)
+
+func TestRetryAfterDuration(t *testing.T) {
+	tc := []struct {
+		name     string
+		tInput   string
+		expected model.Duration
+	}{
+		{
+			name:     "seconds",
+			tInput:   "120",
+			expected: model.Duration(time.Second * 120),
+		},
+		{
+			name:     "date-time default",
+			tInput:   time.RFC1123, // Expected layout is http.TimeFormat, hence an error.
+			expected: 0,
+		},
+		{
+			name:     "retry-after not provided",
+			tInput:   "", // Expected layout is http.TimeFormat, hence an error.
+			expected: 0,
+		},
+	}
+	for _, c := range tc {
+		if got := retryAfterDuration(c.tInput); got != time.Duration(c.expected) {
+			t.Fatal("expected", c.expected, "got", got)
+		}
+	}
+}
+
+type mockStorage struct {
+	v2Reqs []*writev2.Request
+	protos []WriteProtoFullName
+
+	mockCode *int
+	mockErr  error
+}
+
+func (m *mockStorage) Store(_ context.Context, msgFullName WriteProtoFullName, serializedRequest []byte) (w WriteResponseStats, code int, _ error) {
+	if m.mockErr != nil {
+		return w, *m.mockCode, m.mockErr
+	}
+
+	// This test expects v2 only.
+	r := &writev2.Request{}
+	if err := proto.Unmarshal(serializedRequest, r); err != nil {
+		return WriteResponseStats{}, http.StatusInternalServerError, err
+	}
+	m.v2Reqs = append(m.v2Reqs, r)
+	m.protos = append(m.protos, msgFullName)
+	return stats(r), http.StatusOK, nil
+}
+
+func testV2() *writev2.Request {
+	s := writev2.NewSymbolTable()
+	return &writev2.Request{
+		Timeseries: []*writev2.TimeSeries{
+			{
+				Metadata: &writev2.Metadata{
+					Type:    writev2.Metadata_METRIC_TYPE_COUNTER,
+					HelpRef: s.Symbolize("My lovely counter"),
+				},
+				LabelsRefs: s.SymbolizeLabels([]string{"__name__", "metric1", "foo", "bar1"}, nil),
+				Samples: []*writev2.Sample{
+					{Value: 1.1, Timestamp: 1214141},
+					{Value: 1.5, Timestamp: 1214180},
+				},
+			},
+			{
+				Metadata: &writev2.Metadata{
+					Type:    writev2.Metadata_METRIC_TYPE_COUNTER,
+					HelpRef: s.Symbolize("My lovely counter"),
+				},
+				LabelsRefs: s.SymbolizeLabels([]string{"__name__", "metric1", "foo", "bar2"}, nil),
+				Samples: []*writev2.Sample{
+					{Value: 1231311, Timestamp: 1214141},
+					{Value: 1310001, Timestamp: 1214180},
+				},
+			},
+		},
+	}
+}
+
+func stats(req *writev2.Request) (s WriteResponseStats) {
+	s.Confirmed = true
+	for _, ts := range req.Timeseries {
+		s.Samples += len(ts.Samples)
+		s.Histograms += len(ts.Histograms)
+		s.Exemplars += len(ts.Exemplars)
+	}
+	return s
+}
+
+func TestRemoteAPI_Write_WithHandler(t *testing.T) {
+	tLogger := slog.Default()
+	mStore := &mockStorage{}
+	srv := httptest.NewServer(NewRemoteWriteHandler(tLogger, mStore))
+	t.Cleanup(srv.Close)
+
+	cl, err := api.NewClient(api.Config{
+		Address:      srv.URL,
+		RoundTripper: srv.Client().Transport,
+	})
+	if err != nil {
+		t.Fatal(err)
+	}
+	client, err := NewAPI(cl, WithAPILogger(tLogger))
+	if err != nil {
+		t.Fatal(err)
+	}
+
+	req := testV2()
+	s, err := client.Write(context.Background(), req)
+	if err != nil {
+		t.Fatal(err)
+	}
+	if diff := cmp.Diff(stats(req), s); diff != "" {
+		t.Fatal("unexpected stats", diff)
+	}
+	if len(mStore.v2Reqs) != 1 {
+		t.Fatal("expected 1 request stored, got", mStore.v2Reqs)
+	}
+	if diff := cmp.Diff(req, mStore.v2Reqs[0], protocmp.Transform()); diff != "" {
+		t.Fatal("unexpected request received", diff)
+	}
+}

api/prometheus/v1/remote/remote_headers.go

@@ -0,0 +1,178 @@
+// Copyright 2024 The Prometheus Authors
+// Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+// you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+// You may obtain a copy of the License at
+//
+// http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+//
+// Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+// distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+// WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+// See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+// limitations under the License.
+
+package remote
+
+import (
+	"errors"
+	"fmt"
+	"net/http"
+	"strconv"
+	"strings"
+
+	"google.golang.org/protobuf/reflect/protoreflect"
+)
+
+const (
+	versionHeader        = "X-Prometheus-Remote-Write-Version"
+	version1HeaderValue  = "0.1.0"
+	version20HeaderValue = "2.0.0"
+	appProtoContentType  = "application/x-protobuf"
+)
+
+// Compression represents the encoding. Currently remote storage supports only
+// one, but we experiment with more, thus leaving the compression scaffolding
+// for now.
+type Compression string
+
+const (
+	// SnappyBlockCompression represents https://github.com/google/snappy/blob/2c94e11145f0b7b184b831577c93e5a41c4c0346/format_description.txt
+	SnappyBlockCompression Compression = "snappy"
+)
+
+// WriteProtoFullName represents the fully qualified name of the protobuf message
+// to use in Remote write 1.0 and 2.0 protocols.
+// See https://prometheus.io/docs/specs/remote_write_spec_2_0/#protocol.
+type WriteProtoFullName protoreflect.FullName
+
+const (
+	// WriteProtoFullNameV1 represents the `prometheus.WriteRequest` protobuf
+	// message introduced in the https://prometheus.io/docs/specs/remote_write_spec/.
+	// DEPRECATED: Use WriteProtoFullNameV2 instead.
+	WriteProtoFullNameV1 WriteProtoFullName = "prometheus.WriteRequest"
+	// WriteProtoFullNameV2 represents the `io.prometheus.write.v2.Request` protobuf
+	// message introduced in https://prometheus.io/docs/specs/remote_write_spec_2_0/
+	WriteProtoFullNameV2 WriteProtoFullName = "io.prometheus.write.v2.Request"
+)
+
+// Validate returns error if the given reference for the protobuf message is not supported.
+func (n WriteProtoFullName) Validate() error {
+	switch n {
+	case WriteProtoFullNameV1, WriteProtoFullNameV2:
+		return nil
+	default:
+		return fmt.Errorf("unknown remote write protobuf message %v, supported: %v", n, protoMsgs{WriteProtoFullNameV1, WriteProtoFullNameV2}.String())
+	}
+}
+
+type protoMsgs []WriteProtoFullName
+
+func (m protoMsgs) Strings() []string {
+	ret := make([]string, 0, len(m))
+	for _, typ := range m {
+		ret = append(ret, string(typ))
+	}
+	return ret
+}
+
+func (m protoMsgs) String() string {
+	return strings.Join(m.Strings(), ", ")
+}
+
+var contentTypeHeaders = map[WriteProtoFullName]string{
+	WriteProtoFullNameV1: appProtoContentType, // Also application/x-protobuf;proto=prometheus.WriteRequest but simplified for compatibility with 1.x spec.
+	WriteProtoFullNameV2: appProtoContentType + ";proto=io.prometheus.write.v2.Request",
+}
+
+// ContentTypeHeader returns content type header value for the given proto message
+// or empty string for unknown proto message.
+func contentTypeHeader(m WriteProtoFullName) string {
+	return contentTypeHeaders[m]
+}
+
+const (
+	writtenSamplesHeader    = "X-Prometheus-Remote-Write-Samples-Written"
+	writtenHistogramsHeader = "X-Prometheus-Remote-Write-Histograms-Written"
+	writtenExemplarsHeader  = "X-Prometheus-Remote-Write-Exemplars-Written"
+)
+
+// WriteResponseStats represents the response, remote write statistics.
+type WriteResponseStats struct {
+	// Samples represents X-Prometheus-Remote-Write-Written-Samples
+	Samples int
+	// Histograms represents X-Prometheus-Remote-Write-Written-Histograms
+	Histograms int
+	// Exemplars represents X-Prometheus-Remote-Write-Written-Exemplars
+	Exemplars int
+
+	// Confirmed means we can trust those statistics from the point of view
+	// of the PRW 2.0 spec. When parsed from headers, it means we got at least one
+	// response header from the Receiver to confirm those numbers, meaning it must
+	// be at least 2.0 Receiver. See ParseWriteResponseStats for details.
+	Confirmed bool
+}
+
+// NoDataWritten returns true if statistics indicate no data was written.
+func (s WriteResponseStats) NoDataWritten() bool {
+	return (s.Samples + s.Histograms + s.Exemplars) == 0
+}
+
+// AllSamples returns both float and histogram sample numbers.
+func (s WriteResponseStats) AllSamples() int {
+	return s.Samples + s.Histograms
+}
+
+// Add returns the sum of this WriteResponseStats plus the given WriteResponseStats.
+func (s WriteResponseStats) Add(rs WriteResponseStats) WriteResponseStats {
+	s.Confirmed = rs.Confirmed
+	s.Samples += rs.Samples
+	s.Histograms += rs.Histograms
+	s.Exemplars += rs.Exemplars
+	return s
+}
+
+// SetHeaders sets response headers in a given response writer.
+// Make sure to use it before http.ResponseWriter.WriteHeader and .Write.
+func (s WriteResponseStats) SetHeaders(w http.ResponseWriter) {
+	h := w.Header()
+	h.Set(writtenSamplesHeader, strconv.Itoa(s.Samples))
+	h.Set(writtenHistogramsHeader, strconv.Itoa(s.Histograms))
+	h.Set(writtenExemplarsHeader, strconv.Itoa(s.Exemplars))
+}
+
+// parseWriteResponseStats returns WriteResponseStats parsed from the response headers.
+//
+// As per 2.0 spec, missing header means 0. However, abrupt HTTP errors, 1.0 Receivers
+// or buggy 2.0 Receivers might result in no response headers specified and that
+// might NOT necessarily mean nothing was written. To represent that we set
+// s.Confirmed = true only when see at least on response header.
+//
+// Error is returned when any of the header fails to parse as int64.
+func parseWriteResponseStats(r *http.Response) (s WriteResponseStats, err error) {
+	var (
+		errs []error
+		h    = r.Header
+	)
+	if v := h.Get(writtenSamplesHeader); v != "" { // Empty means zero.
+		s.Confirmed = true
+		if s.Samples, err = strconv.Atoi(v); err != nil {
+			s.Samples = 0
+			errs = append(errs, err)
+		}
+	}
+	if v := h.Get(writtenHistogramsHeader); v != "" { // Empty means zero.
+		s.Confirmed = true
+		if s.Histograms, err = strconv.Atoi(v); err != nil {
+			s.Histograms = 0
+			errs = append(errs, err)
+		}
+	}
+	if v := h.Get(writtenExemplarsHeader); v != "" { // Empty means zero.
+		s.Confirmed = true
+		if s.Exemplars, err = strconv.Atoi(v); err != nil {
+			s.Exemplars = 0
+			errs = append(errs, err)
+		}
+	}
+	return s, errors.Join(errs...)
+}

examples/exemplars/main.go

@@ -17,10 +17,10 @@
 package main
 
 import (
-	"fmt"
 	"log"
 	"math/rand"
 	"net/http"
+	"strconv"
 	"time"
 
 	"github.com/prometheus/client_golang/prometheus"
@@ -50,7 +50,7 @@ func main() {
 			// Record fictional latency.
 			now := time.Now()
 			requestDurations.(prometheus.ExemplarObserver).ObserveWithExemplar(
-				time.Since(now).Seconds(), prometheus.Labels{"dummyID": fmt.Sprint(rand.Intn(100000))},
+				time.Since(now).Seconds(), prometheus.Labels{"dummyID": strconv.Itoa(rand.Intn(100000))},
 			)
 			time.Sleep(600 * time.Millisecond)
 		}

examples/random/main.go

@@ -18,11 +18,11 @@ package main
 
 import (
 	"flag"
-	"fmt"
 	"log"
 	"math"
 	"math/rand"
 	"net/http"
+	"strconv"
 	"time"
 
 	"github.com/prometheus/client_golang/prometheus"
@@ -116,7 +116,7 @@ func main() {
 			// the ExemplarObserver interface and thus don't need to
 			// check the outcome of the type assertion.
 			m.rpcDurationsHistogram.(prometheus.ExemplarObserver).ObserveWithExemplar(
-				v, prometheus.Labels{"dummyID": fmt.Sprint(rand.Intn(100000))},
+				v, prometheus.Labels{"dummyID": strconv.Itoa(rand.Intn(100000))},
 			)
 			time.Sleep(time.Duration(75*oscillationFactor()) * time.Millisecond)
 		}

internal/github.com/efficientgo/core/backoff/backoff.go

@@ -0,0 +1,114 @@
+// Copyright (c) The EfficientGo Authors.
+// Licensed under the Apache License 2.0.
+
+// Initially copied from Cortex project.
+
+// Package backoff implements backoff timers which increases wait time on every retry, incredibly useful
+// in distributed system timeout functionalities.
+package backoff
+
+import (
+	"context"
+	"fmt"
+	"math/rand"
+	"time"
+)
+
+// Config configures a Backoff.
+type Config struct {
+	Min        time.Duration `yaml:"min_period"`  // Start backoff at this level
+	Max        time.Duration `yaml:"max_period"`  // Increase exponentially to this level
+	MaxRetries int           `yaml:"max_retries"` // Give up after this many; zero means infinite retries
+}
+
+// Backoff implements exponential backoff with randomized wait times.
+type Backoff struct {
+	cfg          Config
+	ctx          context.Context
+	numRetries   int
+	nextDelayMin time.Duration
+	nextDelayMax time.Duration
+}
+
+// New creates a Backoff object. Pass a Context that can also terminate the operation.
+func New(ctx context.Context, cfg Config) *Backoff {
+	return &Backoff{
+		cfg:          cfg,
+		ctx:          ctx,
+		nextDelayMin: cfg.Min,
+		nextDelayMax: doubleDuration(cfg.Min, cfg.Max),
+	}
+}
+
+// Reset the Backoff back to its initial condition.
+func (b *Backoff) Reset() {
+	b.numRetries = 0
+	b.nextDelayMin = b.cfg.Min
+	b.nextDelayMax = doubleDuration(b.cfg.Min, b.cfg.Max)
+}
+
+// Ongoing returns true if caller should keep going.
+func (b *Backoff) Ongoing() bool {
+	// Stop if Context has errored or max retry count is exceeded.
+	return b.ctx.Err() == nil && (b.cfg.MaxRetries == 0 || b.numRetries < b.cfg.MaxRetries)
+}
+
+// Err returns the reason for terminating the backoff, or nil if it didn't terminate.
+func (b *Backoff) Err() error {
+	if b.ctx.Err() != nil {
+		return b.ctx.Err()
+	}
+	if b.cfg.MaxRetries != 0 && b.numRetries >= b.cfg.MaxRetries {
+		return fmt.Errorf("terminated after %d retries", b.numRetries)
+	}
+	return nil
+}
+
+// NumRetries returns the number of retries so far.
+func (b *Backoff) NumRetries() int {
+	return b.numRetries
+}
+
+// Wait sleeps for the backoff time then increases the retry count and backoff time.
+// Returns immediately if Context is terminated.
+func (b *Backoff) Wait() {
+	// Increase the number of retries and get the next delay.
+	sleepTime := b.NextDelay()
+
+	if b.Ongoing() {
+		select {
+		case <-b.ctx.Done():
+		case <-time.After(sleepTime):
+		}
+	}
+}
+
+func (b *Backoff) NextDelay() time.Duration {
+	b.numRetries++
+
+	// Handle the edge case the min and max have the same value
+	// (or due to some misconfig max is < min).
+	if b.nextDelayMin >= b.nextDelayMax {
+		return b.nextDelayMin
+	}
+
+	// Add a jitter within the next exponential backoff range.
+	sleepTime := b.nextDelayMin + time.Duration(rand.Int63n(int64(b.nextDelayMax-b.nextDelayMin)))
+
+	// Apply the exponential backoff to calculate the next jitter
+	// range, unless we've already reached the max.
+	if b.nextDelayMax < b.cfg.Max {
+		b.nextDelayMin = doubleDuration(b.nextDelayMin, b.cfg.Max)
+		b.nextDelayMax = doubleDuration(b.nextDelayMax, b.cfg.Max)
+	}
+
+	return sleepTime
+}
+
+func doubleDuration(value, maxValue time.Duration) time.Duration {
+	value = value * 2
+	if value <= maxValue {
+		return value
+	}
+	return maxValue
+}

internal/github.com/efficientgo/core/backoff/backoff_test.go

@@ -0,0 +1,108 @@
+// Copyright (c) The EfficientGo Authors.
+// Licensed under the Apache License 2.0.
+
+// Initially copied from Cortex project.
+
+package backoff
+
+import (
+	"context"
+	"testing"
+	"time"
+)
+
+func TestBackoff_NextDelay(t *testing.T) {
+	t.Parallel()
+
+	tests := map[string]struct {
+		minBackoff     time.Duration
+		maxBackoff     time.Duration
+		expectedRanges [][]time.Duration
+	}{
+		"exponential backoff with jitter honoring min and max": {
+			minBackoff: 100 * time.Millisecond,
+			maxBackoff: 10 * time.Second,
+			expectedRanges: [][]time.Duration{
+				{100 * time.Millisecond, 200 * time.Millisecond},
+				{200 * time.Millisecond, 400 * time.Millisecond},
+				{400 * time.Millisecond, 800 * time.Millisecond},
+				{800 * time.Millisecond, 1600 * time.Millisecond},
+				{1600 * time.Millisecond, 3200 * time.Millisecond},
+				{3200 * time.Millisecond, 6400 * time.Millisecond},
+				{6400 * time.Millisecond, 10000 * time.Millisecond},
+				{6400 * time.Millisecond, 10000 * time.Millisecond},
+			},
+		},
+		"exponential backoff with max equal to the end of a range": {
+			minBackoff: 100 * time.Millisecond,
+			maxBackoff: 800 * time.Millisecond,
+			expectedRanges: [][]time.Duration{
+				{100 * time.Millisecond, 200 * time.Millisecond},
+				{200 * time.Millisecond, 400 * time.Millisecond},
+				{400 * time.Millisecond, 800 * time.Millisecond},
+				{400 * time.Millisecond, 800 * time.Millisecond},
+			},
+		},
+		"exponential backoff with max equal to the end of a range + 1": {
+			minBackoff: 100 * time.Millisecond,
+			maxBackoff: 801 * time.Millisecond,
+			expectedRanges: [][]time.Duration{
+				{100 * time.Millisecond, 200 * time.Millisecond},
+				{200 * time.Millisecond, 400 * time.Millisecond},
+				{400 * time.Millisecond, 800 * time.Millisecond},
+				{800 * time.Millisecond, 801 * time.Millisecond},
+				{800 * time.Millisecond, 801 * time.Millisecond},
+			},
+		},
+		"exponential backoff with max equal to the end of a range - 1": {
+			minBackoff: 100 * time.Millisecond,
+			maxBackoff: 799 * time.Millisecond,
+			expectedRanges: [][]time.Duration{
+				{100 * time.Millisecond, 200 * time.Millisecond},
+				{200 * time.Millisecond, 400 * time.Millisecond},
+				{400 * time.Millisecond, 799 * time.Millisecond},
+				{400 * time.Millisecond, 799 * time.Millisecond},
+			},
+		},
+		"min backoff is equal to max": {
+			minBackoff: 100 * time.Millisecond,
+			maxBackoff: 100 * time.Millisecond,
+			expectedRanges: [][]time.Duration{
+				{100 * time.Millisecond, 100 * time.Millisecond},
+				{100 * time.Millisecond, 100 * time.Millisecond},
+				{100 * time.Millisecond, 100 * time.Millisecond},
+			},
+		},
+		"min backoff is greater then max": {
+			minBackoff: 200 * time.Millisecond,
+			maxBackoff: 100 * time.Millisecond,
+			expectedRanges: [][]time.Duration{
+				{200 * time.Millisecond, 200 * time.Millisecond},
+				{200 * time.Millisecond, 200 * time.Millisecond},
+				{200 * time.Millisecond, 200 * time.Millisecond},
+			},
+		},
+	}
+
+	for testName, testData := range tests {
+		testData := testData
+
+		t.Run(testName, func(t *testing.T) {
+			t.Parallel()
+
+			b := New(context.Background(), Config{
+				Min:        testData.minBackoff,
+				Max:        testData.maxBackoff,
+				MaxRetries: len(testData.expectedRanges),
+			})
+
+			for _, expectedRange := range testData.expectedRanges {
+				delay := b.NextDelay()
+
+				if delay < expectedRange[0] || delay > expectedRange[1] {
+					t.Errorf("%d expected to be within %d and %d", delay, expectedRange[0], expectedRange[1])
+				}
+			}
+		})
+	}
+}

internal/github.com/planetscale/vtprotobuf/protohelpers/protohelpers.go

@@ -0,0 +1,124 @@
+// Copyright (c) 2022 PlanetScale Inc. All rights reserved.
+
+// Package protohelpers provides helper functions for encoding and decoding protobuf messages.
+// The spec can be found at https://protobuf.dev/programming-guides/encoding/.
+package protohelpers
+
+import (
+	"fmt"
+	"io"
+	"math/bits"
+)
+
+var (
+	// ErrInvalidLength is returned when decoding a negative length.
+	ErrInvalidLength = fmt.Errorf("proto: negative length found during unmarshaling")
+	// ErrIntOverflow is returned when decoding a varint representation of an integer that overflows 64 bits.
+	ErrIntOverflow = fmt.Errorf("proto: integer overflow")
+	// ErrUnexpectedEndOfGroup is returned when decoding a group end without a corresponding group start.
+	ErrUnexpectedEndOfGroup = fmt.Errorf("proto: unexpected end of group")
+)
+
+// EncodeVarint encodes a uint64 into a varint-encoded byte slice and returns the offset of the encoded value.
+// The provided offset is the offset after the last byte of the encoded value.
+func EncodeVarint(dAtA []byte, offset int, v uint64) int {
+	offset -= SizeOfVarint(v)
+	base := offset
+	for v >= 1<<7 {
+		dAtA[offset] = uint8(v&0x7f | 0x80)
+		v >>= 7
+		offset++
+	}
+	dAtA[offset] = uint8(v)
+	return base
+}
+
+// SizeOfVarint returns the size of the varint-encoded value.
+func SizeOfVarint(x uint64) (n int) {
+	return (bits.Len64(x|1) + 6) / 7
+}
+
+// SizeOfZigzag returns the size of the zigzag-encoded value.
+func SizeOfZigzag(x uint64) (n int) {
+	return SizeOfVarint((x << 1) ^ uint64(int64(x)>>63))
+}
+
+// Skip the first record of the byte slice and return the offset of the next record.
+func Skip(dAtA []byte) (n int, err error) {
+	l := len(dAtA)
+	iNdEx := 0
+	depth := 0
+	for iNdEx < l {
+		var wire uint64
+		for shift := uint(0); ; shift += 7 {
+			if shift >= 64 {
+				return 0, ErrIntOverflow
+			}
+			if iNdEx >= l {
+				return 0, io.ErrUnexpectedEOF
+			}
+			b := dAtA[iNdEx]
+			iNdEx++
+			wire |= (uint64(b) & 0x7F) << shift
+			if b < 0x80 {
+				break
+			}
+		}
+		wireType := int(wire & 0x7)
+		switch wireType {
+		case 0:
+			for shift := uint(0); ; shift += 7 {
+				if shift >= 64 {
+					return 0, ErrIntOverflow
+				}
+				if iNdEx >= l {
+					return 0, io.ErrUnexpectedEOF
+				}
+				iNdEx++
+				if dAtA[iNdEx-1] < 0x80 {
+					break
+				}
+			}
+		case 1:
+			iNdEx += 8
+		case 2:
+			var length int
+			for shift := uint(0); ; shift += 7 {
+				if shift >= 64 {
+					return 0, ErrIntOverflow
+				}
+				if iNdEx >= l {
+					return 0, io.ErrUnexpectedEOF
+				}
+				b := dAtA[iNdEx]
+				iNdEx++
+				length |= (int(b) & 0x7F) << shift
+				if b < 0x80 {
+					break
+				}
+			}
+			if length < 0 {
+				return 0, ErrInvalidLength
+			}
+			iNdEx += length
+		case 3:
+			depth++
+		case 4:
+			if depth == 0 {
+				return 0, ErrUnexpectedEndOfGroup
+			}
+			depth--
+		case 5:
+			iNdEx += 4
+		default:
+			return 0, fmt.Errorf("proto: illegal wireType %d", wireType)
+		}
+		if iNdEx < 0 {
+			return 0, ErrInvalidLength
+		}
+		if depth == 0 {
+			return iNdEx, nil
+		}
+	}
+	return 0, io.ErrUnexpectedEOF
+}

prometheus/atomic_update.go

@@ -0,0 +1,50 @@
+// Copyright 2014 The Prometheus Authors
+// Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+// you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+// You may obtain a copy of the License at
+//
+// http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+//
+// Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+// distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+// WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+// See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+// limitations under the License.
+
+package prometheus
+
+import (
+	"math"
+	"sync/atomic"
+	"time"
+)
+
+// atomicUpdateFloat atomically updates the float64 value pointed to by bits
+// using the provided updateFunc, with an exponential backoff on contention.
+func atomicUpdateFloat(bits *uint64, updateFunc func(float64) float64) {
+	const (
+		// both numbers are derived from empirical observations
+		// documented in this PR: https://github.com/prometheus/client_golang/pull/1661
+		maxBackoff     = 320 * time.Millisecond
+		initialBackoff = 10 * time.Millisecond
+	)
+	backoff := initialBackoff
+
+	for {
+		loadedBits := atomic.LoadUint64(bits)
+		oldFloat := math.Float64frombits(loadedBits)
+		newFloat := updateFunc(oldFloat)
+		newBits := math.Float64bits(newFloat)
+
+		if atomic.CompareAndSwapUint64(bits, loadedBits, newBits) {
+			break
+		} else {
+			// Exponential backoff with sleep and cap to avoid infinite wait
+			time.Sleep(backoff)
+			backoff *= 2
+			if backoff > maxBackoff {
+				backoff = maxBackoff
+			}
+		}
+	}
+}

prometheus/atomic_update_test.go

@@ -0,0 +1,167 @@
+// Copyright 2014 The Prometheus Authors
+// Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+// you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+// You may obtain a copy of the License at
+//
+// http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+//
+// Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+// distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+// WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+// See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+// limitations under the License.
+
+package prometheus
+
+import (
+	"math"
+	"sync"
+	"sync/atomic"
+	"testing"
+	"unsafe"
+)
+
+var output float64
+
+func TestAtomicUpdateFloat(t *testing.T) {
+	var val float64 = 0.0
+	bits := (*uint64)(unsafe.Pointer(&val))
+	var wg sync.WaitGroup
+	numGoroutines := 100000
+	increment := 1.0
+
+	for i := 0; i < numGoroutines; i++ {
+		wg.Add(1)
+		go func() {
+			defer wg.Done()
+			atomicUpdateFloat(bits, func(f float64) float64 {
+				return f + increment
+			})
+		}()
+	}
+
+	wg.Wait()
+	expected := float64(numGoroutines) * increment
+	if val != expected {
+		t.Errorf("Expected %f, got %f", expected, val)
+	}
+}
+
+// Benchmark for atomicUpdateFloat with single goroutine (no contention).
+func BenchmarkAtomicUpdateFloat_SingleGoroutine(b *testing.B) {
+	var val float64 = 0.0
+	bits := (*uint64)(unsafe.Pointer(&val))
+
+	for i := 0; i < b.N; i++ {
+		atomicUpdateFloat(bits, func(f float64) float64 {
+			return f + 1.0
+		})
+	}
+
+	output = val
+}
+
+// Benchmark for old implementation with single goroutine (no contention) -> to check overhead of backoff
+func BenchmarkAtomicNoBackoff_SingleGoroutine(b *testing.B) {
+	var val float64 = 0.0
+	bits := (*uint64)(unsafe.Pointer(&val))
+
+	for i := 0; i < b.N; i++ {
+		for {
+			loadedBits := atomic.LoadUint64(bits)
+			newBits := math.Float64bits(math.Float64frombits(loadedBits) + 1.0)
+			if atomic.CompareAndSwapUint64(bits, loadedBits, newBits) {
+				break
+			}
+		}
+	}
+
+	output = val
+}
+
+// Benchmark varying the number of goroutines.
+func benchmarkAtomicUpdateFloatConcurrency(b *testing.B, numGoroutines int) {
+	var val float64 = 0.0
+	bits := (*uint64)(unsafe.Pointer(&val))
+	b.SetParallelism(numGoroutines)
+
+	b.ResetTimer()
+	b.RunParallel(func(pb *testing.PB) {
+		for pb.Next() {
+			atomicUpdateFloat(bits, func(f float64) float64 {
+				return f + 1.0
+			})
+		}
+	})
+
+	output = val
+}
+
+func benchmarkAtomicNoBackoffFloatConcurrency(b *testing.B, numGoroutines int) {
+	var val float64 = 0.0
+	bits := (*uint64)(unsafe.Pointer(&val))
+	b.SetParallelism(numGoroutines)
+
+	b.ResetTimer()
+	b.RunParallel(func(pb *testing.PB) {
+		for pb.Next() {
+			for {
+				loadedBits := atomic.LoadUint64(bits)
+				newBits := math.Float64bits(math.Float64frombits(loadedBits) + 1.0)
+				if atomic.CompareAndSwapUint64(bits, loadedBits, newBits) {
+					break
+				}
+			}
+		}
+	})
+
+	output = val
+}
+
+func BenchmarkAtomicUpdateFloat_1Goroutine(b *testing.B) {
+	benchmarkAtomicUpdateFloatConcurrency(b, 1)
+}
+
+func BenchmarkAtomicNoBackoff_1Goroutine(b *testing.B) {
+	benchmarkAtomicNoBackoffFloatConcurrency(b, 1)
+}
+
+func BenchmarkAtomicUpdateFloat_2Goroutines(b *testing.B) {
+	benchmarkAtomicUpdateFloatConcurrency(b, 2)
+}
+
+func BenchmarkAtomicNoBackoff_2Goroutines(b *testing.B) {
+	benchmarkAtomicNoBackoffFloatConcurrency(b, 2)
+}
+
+func BenchmarkAtomicUpdateFloat_4Goroutines(b *testing.B) {
+	benchmarkAtomicUpdateFloatConcurrency(b, 4)
+}
+
+func BenchmarkAtomicNoBackoff_4Goroutines(b *testing.B) {
+	benchmarkAtomicNoBackoffFloatConcurrency(b, 4)
+}
+
+func BenchmarkAtomicUpdateFloat_8Goroutines(b *testing.B) {
+	benchmarkAtomicUpdateFloatConcurrency(b, 8)
+}
+
+func BenchmarkAtomicNoBackoff_8Goroutines(b *testing.B) {
+	benchmarkAtomicNoBackoffFloatConcurrency(b, 8)
+}
+
+func BenchmarkAtomicUpdateFloat_16Goroutines(b *testing.B) {
+	benchmarkAtomicUpdateFloatConcurrency(b, 16)
+}
+
+func BenchmarkAtomicNoBackoff_16Goroutines(b *testing.B) {
+	benchmarkAtomicNoBackoffFloatConcurrency(b, 16)
+}
+
+func BenchmarkAtomicUpdateFloat_32Goroutines(b *testing.B) {
+	benchmarkAtomicUpdateFloatConcurrency(b, 32)
+}
+
+func BenchmarkAtomicNoBackoff_32Goroutines(b *testing.B) {
+	benchmarkAtomicNoBackoffFloatConcurrency(b, 32)
+}

prometheus/counter.go

@@ -134,13 +134,9 @@ func (c *counter) Add(v float64) {
 		return
 	}
 
-	for {
-		oldBits := atomic.LoadUint64(&c.valBits)
-		newBits := math.Float64bits(math.Float64frombits(oldBits) + v)
-		if atomic.CompareAndSwapUint64(&c.valBits, oldBits, newBits) {
-			return
-		}
-	}
+	atomicUpdateFloat(&c.valBits, func(oldVal float64) float64 {
+		return oldVal + v
+	})
 }
 
 func (c *counter) AddWithExemplar(v float64, e Labels) {

prometheus/counter_test.go

@@ -14,7 +14,6 @@
 package prometheus
 
 import (
-	"fmt"
 	"math"
 	"strings"
 	"testing"
@@ -120,10 +119,10 @@ func TestCounterVecGetMetricWithInvalidLabelValues(t *testing.T) {
 
 		expectPanic(t, func() {
 			counterVec.WithLabelValues(labelValues...)
-		}, fmt.Sprintf("WithLabelValues: expected panic because: %s", test.desc))
+		}, "WithLabelValues: expected panic because: "+test.desc)
 		expectPanic(t, func() {
 			counterVec.With(test.labels)
-		}, fmt.Sprintf("WithLabelValues: expected panic because: %s", test.desc))
+		}, "WithLabelValues: expected panic because: "+test.desc)
 
 		if _, err := counterVec.GetMetricWithLabelValues(labelValues...); err == nil {
 			t.Errorf("GetMetricWithLabelValues: expected error because: %s", test.desc)

prometheus/gauge.go

@@ -120,13 +120,9 @@ func (g *gauge) Dec() {
 }
 
 func (g *gauge) Add(val float64) {
-	for {
-		oldBits := atomic.LoadUint64(&g.valBits)
-		newBits := math.Float64bits(math.Float64frombits(oldBits) + val)
-		if atomic.CompareAndSwapUint64(&g.valBits, oldBits, newBits) {
-			return
-		}
-	}
+	atomicUpdateFloat(&g.valBits, func(oldVal float64) float64 {
+		return oldVal + val
+	})
 }
 
 func (g *gauge) Sub(val float64) {

prometheus/histogram.go

@@ -858,15 +858,35 @@ func (h *histogram) Write(out *dto.Metric) error {
 // findBucket returns the index of the bucket for the provided value, or
 // len(h.upperBounds) for the +Inf bucket.
 func (h *histogram) findBucket(v float64) int {
-	// TODO(beorn7): For small numbers of buckets (<30), a linear search is
-	// slightly faster than the binary search. If we really care, we could
-	// switch from one search strategy to the other depending on the number
-	// of buckets.
-	//
-	// Microbenchmarks (BenchmarkHistogramNoLabels):
-	// 11 buckets: 38.3 ns/op linear - binary 48.7 ns/op
-	// 100 buckets: 78.1 ns/op linear - binary 54.9 ns/op
-	// 300 buckets: 154 ns/op linear - binary 61.6 ns/op
+	n := len(h.upperBounds)
+	if n == 0 {
+		return 0
+	}
+
+	// Early exit: if v is less than or equal to the first upper bound, return 0
+	if v <= h.upperBounds[0] {
+		return 0
+	}
+
+	// Early exit: if v is greater than the last upper bound, return len(h.upperBounds)
+	if v > h.upperBounds[n-1] {
+		return n
+	}
+
+	// For small arrays, use simple linear search
+	// "magic number" 35 is result of tests on couple different (AWS and baremetal) servers
+	// see more details here: https://github.com/prometheus/client_golang/pull/1662
+	if n < 35 {
+		for i, bound := range h.upperBounds {
+			if v <= bound {
+				return i
+			}
+		}
+		// If v is greater than all upper bounds, return len(h.upperBounds)
+		return n
+	}
+
+	// For larger arrays, use stdlib's binary search
 	return sort.SearchFloat64s(h.upperBounds, v)
 }
 
@@ -1621,13 +1641,9 @@ func waitForCooldown(count uint64, counts *histogramCounts) {
 // atomicAddFloat adds the provided float atomically to another float
 // represented by the bit pattern the bits pointer is pointing to.
 func atomicAddFloat(bits *uint64, v float64) {
-	for {
-		loadedBits := atomic.LoadUint64(bits)
-		newBits := math.Float64bits(math.Float64frombits(loadedBits) + v)
-		if atomic.CompareAndSwapUint64(bits, loadedBits, newBits) {
-			break
-		}
-	}
+	atomicUpdateFloat(bits, func(oldVal float64) float64 {
+		return oldVal + v
+	})
 }
 
 // atomicDecUint32 atomically decrements the uint32 p points to.  See

prometheus/histogram_test.go

@@ -1455,3 +1455,91 @@ func compareNativeExemplarValues(t *testing.T, exps []*dto.Exemplar, values []fl
 		}
 	}
 }
+
+var resultFindBucket int
+
+func benchmarkFindBucket(b *testing.B, l int) {
+	h := &histogram{upperBounds: make([]float64, l)}
+	for i := range h.upperBounds {
+		h.upperBounds[i] = float64(i)
+	}
+	v := float64(l / 2)
+
+	b.ResetTimer()
+	for i := 0; i < b.N; i++ {
+		resultFindBucket = h.findBucket(v)
+	}
+}
+
+func BenchmarkFindBucketShort(b *testing.B) {
+	benchmarkFindBucket(b, 20)
+}
+
+func BenchmarkFindBucketMid(b *testing.B) {
+	benchmarkFindBucket(b, 40)
+}
+
+func BenchmarkFindBucketLarge(b *testing.B) {
+	benchmarkFindBucket(b, 100)
+}
+
+func BenchmarkFindBucketHuge(b *testing.B) {
+	benchmarkFindBucket(b, 500)
+}
+
+func BenchmarkFindBucketInf(b *testing.B) {
+	h := &histogram{upperBounds: make([]float64, 500)}
+	for i := range h.upperBounds {
+		h.upperBounds[i] = float64(i)
+	}
+	v := 1000.5
+
+	b.ResetTimer()
+	for i := 0; i < b.N; i++ {
+		resultFindBucket = h.findBucket(v)
+	}
+}
+
+func BenchmarkFindBucketLow(b *testing.B) {
+	h := &histogram{upperBounds: make([]float64, 500)}
+	for i := range h.upperBounds {
+		h.upperBounds[i] = float64(i)
+	}
+	v := -1.1
+
+	b.ResetTimer()
+	for i := 0; i < b.N; i++ {
+		resultFindBucket = h.findBucket(v)
+	}
+}
+
+func TestFindBucket(t *testing.T) {
+	smallHistogram := &histogram{upperBounds: []float64{1, 2, 3, 4, 5}}
+	largeHistogram := &histogram{upperBounds: make([]float64, 50)}
+	for i := range largeHistogram.upperBounds {
+		largeHistogram.upperBounds[i] = float64(i)
+	}
+
+	tests := []struct {
+		h        *histogram
+		v        float64
+		expected int
+	}{
+		{smallHistogram, -1, 0},
+		{smallHistogram, 0.5, 0},
+		{smallHistogram, 2.5, 2},
+		{smallHistogram, 5.5, 5},
+		{largeHistogram, -1, 0},
+		{largeHistogram, 25.5, 26},
+		{largeHistogram, 49.5, 50},
+		{largeHistogram, 50.5, 50},
+		{largeHistogram, 5000.5, 50},
+	}
+
+	for _, tt := range tests {
+		result := tt.h.findBucket(tt.v)
+		if result != tt.expected {
+			t.Errorf("findBucket(%v) = %d; expected %d", tt.v, result, tt.expected)
+		}
+	}
+}

prometheus/internal/difflib.go

@@ -22,6 +22,7 @@ import (
 	"bytes"
 	"fmt"
 	"io"
+	"strconv"
 	"strings"
 )
 
@@ -524,7 +525,7 @@ func formatRangeUnified(start, stop int) string {
 	beginning := start + 1 // lines start numbering with one
 	length := stop - start
 	if length == 1 {
-		return fmt.Sprintf("%d", beginning)
+		return strconv.Itoa(beginning)
 	}
 	if length == 0 {
 		beginning-- // empty ranges begin at line just before the range

prometheus/process_collector_cgo_darwin.c

@@ -15,12 +15,16 @@
 
 #include <mach/mach_init.h>
 #include <mach/task.h>
-// Compiler warns that shared_memory_server.h is deprecated, use this instead.
-// But this doesn't define SHARED_DATA_REGION_SIZE or SHARED_TEXT_REGION_SIZE.
-//#include <mach/shared_region.h>
-#include <mach/shared_memory_server.h>
 #include <mach/mach_vm.h>
 
+// The compiler warns that mach/shared_memory_server.h is deprecated, and to use
+// mach/shared_region.h instead.  But that doesn't define
+// SHARED_DATA_REGION_SIZE or SHARED_TEXT_REGION_SIZE, so redefine them here and
+// avoid a warning message when running tests.
+#define GLOBAL_SHARED_TEXT_SEGMENT      0x90000000U
+#define SHARED_DATA_REGION_SIZE         0x10000000
+#define SHARED_TEXT_REGION_SIZE         0x10000000
+
 
 int get_memory_info(unsigned long long *rss, unsigned long long *vsize)
 {

prometheus/process_collector_cgo_darwin.go

@@ -22,9 +22,7 @@ import "C"
 import "fmt"
 
 func getMemory() (*memoryInfo, error) {
-	var (
-		rss, vsize C.ulonglong
-	)
+	var rss, vsize C.ulonglong
 
 	if err := C.get_memory_info(&rss, &vsize); err != 0 {
 		return nil, fmt.Errorf("task_info() failed with 0x%x", int(err))

prometheus/promhttp/http_test.go

@@ -98,7 +98,7 @@ func readCompressedBody(r io.Reader, comp Compression) (string, error) {
 		got, err := io.ReadAll(reader)
 		return string(got), err
 	}
-	return "", fmt.Errorf("Unsupported compression")
+	return "", errors.New("Unsupported compression")
 }
 
 func TestHandlerErrorHandling(t *testing.T) {
@@ -131,7 +131,7 @@ func TestHandlerErrorHandling(t *testing.T) {
 	logger := log.New(logBuf, "", 0)
 
 	writer := httptest.NewRecorder()
-	request, _ := http.NewRequest("GET", "/", nil)
+	request, _ := http.NewRequest(http.MethodGet, "/", nil)
 	request.Header.Add("Accept", "test/plain")
 
 	mReg := &mockTransactionGatherer{g: reg}
@@ -252,7 +252,7 @@ func TestInstrumentMetricHandler(t *testing.T) {
 	// Do it again to test idempotency.
 	InstrumentMetricHandler(reg, HandlerForTransactional(mReg, HandlerOpts{}))
 	writer := httptest.NewRecorder()
-	request, _ := http.NewRequest("GET", "/", nil)
+	request, _ := http.NewRequest(http.MethodGet, "/", nil)
 	request.Header.Add(acceptHeader, acceptTextPlain)
 
 	handler.ServeHTTP(writer, request)
@@ -311,7 +311,7 @@ func TestHandlerMaxRequestsInFlight(t *testing.T) {
 	w1 := httptest.NewRecorder()
 	w2 := httptest.NewRecorder()
 	w3 := httptest.NewRecorder()
-	request, _ := http.NewRequest("GET", "/", nil)
+	request, _ := http.NewRequest(http.MethodGet, "/", nil)
 	request.Header.Add(acceptHeader, acceptTextPlain)
 
 	c := blockingCollector{Block: make(chan struct{}), CollectStarted: make(chan struct{}, 1)}
@@ -348,7 +348,7 @@ func TestHandlerTimeout(t *testing.T) {
 	handler := HandlerFor(reg, HandlerOpts{Timeout: time.Millisecond})
 	w := httptest.NewRecorder()
 
-	request, _ := http.NewRequest("GET", "/", nil)
+	request, _ := http.NewRequest(http.MethodGet, "/", nil)
 	request.Header.Add("Accept", "test/plain")
 
 	c := blockingCollector{Block: make(chan struct{}), CollectStarted: make(chan struct{}, 1)}
@@ -372,7 +372,7 @@ func TestInstrumentMetricHandlerWithCompression(t *testing.T) {
 	handler := InstrumentMetricHandler(reg, HandlerForTransactional(mReg, HandlerOpts{DisableCompression: false}))
 	compression := Zstd
 	writer := httptest.NewRecorder()
-	request, _ := http.NewRequest("GET", "/", nil)
+	request, _ := http.NewRequest(http.MethodGet, "/", nil)
 	request.Header.Add(acceptHeader, acceptTextPlain)
 	request.Header.Add(acceptEncodingHeader, string(compression))
 
@@ -533,7 +533,7 @@ func TestNegotiateEncodingWriter(t *testing.T) {
 	}
 
 	for _, test := range testCases {
-		request, _ := http.NewRequest("GET", "/", nil)
+		request, _ := http.NewRequest(http.MethodGet, "/", nil)
 		request.Header.Add(acceptEncodingHeader, test.acceptEncoding)
 		rr := httptest.NewRecorder()
 		_, encodingHeader, _, err := negotiateEncodingWriter(request, rr, test.offeredCompressions)
@@ -631,7 +631,7 @@ func BenchmarkCompression(b *testing.B) {
 			b.Run(benchmark.name+"_"+size.name, func(b *testing.B) {
 				for i := 0; i < b.N; i++ {
 					writer := httptest.NewRecorder()
-					request, _ := http.NewRequest("GET", "/", nil)
+					request, _ := http.NewRequest(http.MethodGet, "/", nil)
 					request.Header.Add(acceptEncodingHeader, benchmark.compressionType)
 					handler.ServeHTTP(writer, request)
 				}

prometheus/promhttp/instrument_client_test.go

@@ -223,7 +223,7 @@ func TestClientMiddlewareAPI_WithRequestContext(t *testing.T) {
 	}))
 	defer backend.Close()
 
-	req, err := http.NewRequest("GET", backend.URL, nil)
+	req, err := http.NewRequest(http.MethodGet, backend.URL, nil)
 	if err != nil {
 		t.Fatalf("%v", err)
 	}
@@ -276,7 +276,7 @@ func TestClientMiddlewareAPIWithRequestContextTimeout(t *testing.T) {
 	}))
 	defer backend.Close()
 
-	req, err := http.NewRequest("GET", backend.URL, nil)
+	req, err := http.NewRequest(http.MethodGet, backend.URL, nil)
 	if err != nil {
 		t.Fatalf("%v", err)
 	}

prometheus/promhttp/instrument_server_test.go

@@ -418,7 +418,7 @@ func TestMiddlewareAPI(t *testing.T) {
 		_, _ = w.Write([]byte("OK"))
 	})
 
-	r, _ := http.NewRequest("GET", "www.example.com", nil)
+	r, _ := http.NewRequest(http.MethodGet, "www.example.com", nil)
 	w := httptest.NewRecorder()
 	chain.ServeHTTP(w, r)
 
@@ -432,7 +432,7 @@ func TestMiddlewareAPI_WithExemplars(t *testing.T) {
 		_, _ = w.Write([]byte("OK"))
 	}, WithExemplarFromContext(func(_ context.Context) prometheus.Labels { return exemplar }))
 
-	r, _ := http.NewRequest("GET", "www.example.com", nil)
+	r, _ := http.NewRequest(http.MethodGet, "www.example.com", nil)
 	w := httptest.NewRecorder()
 	chain.ServeHTTP(w, r)
 

prometheus/registry_test.go

@@ -27,6 +27,7 @@ import (
 	"net/http"
 	"net/http/httptest"
 	"os"
+	"strconv"
 	"sync"
 	"testing"
 	"time"
@@ -713,7 +714,7 @@ collected metric "broken_metric" { label:<name:"foo" value:"bar" > label:<name:"
 		}
 		writer := httptest.NewRecorder()
 		handler := promhttp.HandlerFor(gatherer, promhttp.HandlerOpts{})
-		request, _ := http.NewRequest("GET", "/", nil)
+		request, _ := http.NewRequest(http.MethodGet, "/", nil)
 		for key, value := range scenario.headers {
 			request.Header.Add(key, value)
 		}
@@ -1282,7 +1283,7 @@ func ExampleRegistry_grouping() {
 				ConstLabels: prometheus.Labels{
 					// Generate a label unique to this worker so its metric doesn't
 					// collide with the metrics from other workers.
-					"worker_id": fmt.Sprintf("%d", workerID),
+					"worker_id": strconv.Itoa(workerID),
 				},
 			})
 			workerReg.MustRegister(workTime)

prometheus/summary.go

@@ -471,13 +471,9 @@ func (s *noObjectivesSummary) Observe(v float64) {
 	n := atomic.AddUint64(&s.countAndHotIdx, 1)
 	hotCounts := s.counts[n>>63]
 
-	for {
-		oldBits := atomic.LoadUint64(&hotCounts.sumBits)
-		newBits := math.Float64bits(math.Float64frombits(oldBits) + v)
-		if atomic.CompareAndSwapUint64(&hotCounts.sumBits, oldBits, newBits) {
-			break
-		}
-	}
+	atomicUpdateFloat(&hotCounts.sumBits, func(oldVal float64) float64 {
+		return oldVal + v
+	})
 	// Increment count last as we take it as a signal that the observation
 	// is complete.
 	atomic.AddUint64(&hotCounts.count, 1)
@@ -519,14 +515,13 @@ func (s *noObjectivesSummary) Write(out *dto.Metric) error {
 	// Finally add all the cold counts to the new hot counts and reset the cold counts.
 	atomic.AddUint64(&hotCounts.count, count)
 	atomic.StoreUint64(&coldCounts.count, 0)
-	for {
-		oldBits := atomic.LoadUint64(&hotCounts.sumBits)
-		newBits := math.Float64bits(math.Float64frombits(oldBits) + sum.GetSampleSum())
-		if atomic.CompareAndSwapUint64(&hotCounts.sumBits, oldBits, newBits) {
-			atomic.StoreUint64(&coldCounts.sumBits, 0)
-			break
-		}
-	}
+
+	// Use atomicUpdateFloat to update hotCounts.sumBits atomically.
+	atomicUpdateFloat(&hotCounts.sumBits, func(oldVal float64) float64 {
+		return oldVal + sum.GetSampleSum()
+	})
+	atomic.StoreUint64(&coldCounts.sumBits, 0)
+
 	return nil
 }
 

prometheus/testutil/promlint/promlint_test.go

@@ -14,6 +14,7 @@
 package promlint_test
 
 import (
+	"errors"
 	"fmt"
 	"reflect"
 	"strings"
@@ -733,7 +734,7 @@ request_duration_seconds{httpService="foo"} 10
 func TestLintUnitAbbreviations(t *testing.T) {
 	genTest := func(n string) test {
 		return test{
-			name: fmt.Sprintf("%s with abbreviated unit", n),
+			name: n + " with abbreviated unit",
 			in: fmt.Sprintf(`
 # HELP %s Test metric.
 # TYPE %s gauge
@@ -820,7 +821,7 @@ mc_something_total 10
 
 	prefixValidation := func(mf *dto.MetricFamily) []error {
 		if !strings.HasPrefix(mf.GetName(), "memcached_") {
-			return []error{fmt.Errorf("expected metric name to start with 'memcached_'")}
+			return []error{errors.New("expected metric name to start with 'memcached_'")}
 		}
 		return nil
 	}

prometheus/testutil/promlint/validations/duplicate_validations.go

@@ -14,7 +14,7 @@
 package validations
 
 import (
-	"fmt"
+	"errors"
 	"reflect"
 
 	dto "github.com/prometheus/client_model/go"
@@ -27,7 +27,7 @@ func LintDuplicateMetric(mf *dto.MetricFamily) []error {
 	for i, m := range mf.Metric {
 		for _, k := range mf.Metric[i+1:] {
 			if reflect.DeepEqual(m.Label, k.Label) {
-				problems = append(problems, fmt.Errorf("metric not unique"))
+				problems = append(problems, errors.New("metric not unique"))
 				break
 			}
 		}

prometheus/value_test.go

@@ -14,7 +14,6 @@
 package prometheus
 
 import (
-	"fmt"
 	"testing"
 	"time"
 
@@ -51,7 +50,7 @@ func TestNewConstMetricInvalidLabelValues(t *testing.T) {
 
 		expectPanic(t, func() {
 			MustNewConstMetric(metricDesc, CounterValue, 0.3, "\xFF")
-		}, fmt.Sprintf("WithLabelValues: expected panic because: %s", test.desc))
+		}, "WithLabelValues: expected panic because: "+test.desc)
 
 		if _, err := NewConstMetric(metricDesc, CounterValue, 0.3, "\xFF"); err == nil {
 			t.Errorf("NewConstMetric: expected error because: %s", test.desc)

prometheus/vec_test.go

@@ -16,6 +16,7 @@ package prometheus
 import (
 	"fmt"
 	"reflect"
+	"strconv"
 	"testing"
 
 	dto "github.com/prometheus/client_model/go"
@@ -291,7 +292,7 @@ func testMetricVec(t *testing.T, vec *GaugeVec) {
 	expected := map[[2]string]int{}
 
 	for i := 0; i < 1000; i++ {
-		pair[0], pair[1] = fmt.Sprint(i%4), fmt.Sprint(i%5) // Varying combinations multiples.
+		pair[0], pair[1] = strconv.Itoa(i%4), strconv.Itoa(i%5) // Varying combinations multiples.
 		expected[pair]++
 		vec.WithLabelValues(pair[0], pair[1]).Inc()
 
@@ -363,7 +364,7 @@ func testConstrainedMetricVec(t *testing.T, vec *GaugeVec, constrain func(string
 	expected := map[[2]string]int{}
 
 	for i := 0; i < 1000; i++ {
-		pair[0], pair[1] = fmt.Sprint(i%4), fmt.Sprint(i%5) // Varying combinations multiples.
+		pair[0], pair[1] = strconv.Itoa(i%4), strconv.Itoa(i%5) // Varying combinations multiples.
 		expected[[2]string{pair[0], constrain(pair[1])}]++
 		vec.WithLabelValues(pair[0], pair[1]).Inc()