Merge bffa92259b into 76b74e25d5

Signed-off-by: bwplotka <bwplotka@gmail.com>

.bingo/Variables.mk

@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-# Auto generated binary variables helper managed by https://github.com/bwplotka/bingo v0.8. DO NOT EDIT.
+# Auto generated binary variables helper managed by https://github.com/bwplotka/bingo v0.9. DO NOT EDIT.
 # All tools are designed to be build inside $GOBIN.
 BINGO_DIR := $(dir $(lastword $(MAKEFILE_LIST)))
 GOPATH ?= $(shell go env GOPATH)
@@ -7,16 +7,22 @@ GO     ?= $(shell which go)
 
 # Below generated variables ensure that every time a tool under each variable is invoked, the correct version
 # will be used; reinstalling only if needed.
-# For example for goimports variable:
+# For example for buf variable:
 #
 # In your main Makefile (for non array binaries):
 #
 #include .bingo/Variables.mk # Assuming -dir was set to .bingo .
 #
-#command: $(GOIMPORTS)
+#command: $(BUF)
-#	@echo "Running goimports"
+#	@echo "Running buf"
-#	@$(GOIMPORTS) <flags/args..>
+#	@$(BUF) <flags/args..>
 #
+BUF := $(GOBIN)/buf-v1.39.0
+$(BUF): $(BINGO_DIR)/buf.mod
+	@# Install binary/ries using Go 1.14+ build command. This is using bwplotka/bingo-controlled, separate go module with pinned dependencies.
+	@echo "(re)installing $(GOBIN)/buf-v1.39.0"
+	@cd $(BINGO_DIR) && GOWORK=off $(GO) build -mod=mod -modfile=buf.mod -o=$(GOBIN)/buf-v1.39.0 "github.com/bufbuild/buf/cmd/buf"
+
 GOIMPORTS := $(GOBIN)/goimports-v0.9.3
 $(GOIMPORTS): $(BINGO_DIR)/goimports.mod
 	@# Install binary/ries using Go 1.14+ build command. This is using bwplotka/bingo-controlled, separate go module with pinned dependencies.

.bingo/buf.mod

@@ -0,0 +1,5 @@
+module _ // Auto generated by https://github.com/bwplotka/bingo. DO NOT EDIT
+
+go 1.22.6
+
+require github.com/bufbuild/buf v1.39.0 // cmd/buf

.bingo/buf.sum

@@ -0,0 +1,336 @@
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.bingo/variables.env

@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-# Auto generated binary variables helper managed by https://github.com/bwplotka/bingo v0.8. DO NOT EDIT.
+# Auto generated binary variables helper managed by https://github.com/bwplotka/bingo v0.9. DO NOT EDIT.
 # All tools are designed to be build inside $GOBIN.
 # Those variables will work only until 'bingo get' was invoked, or if tools were installed via Makefile's Variables.mk.
 GOBIN=${GOBIN:=$(go env GOBIN)}
@@ -8,5 +8,7 @@ if [ -z "$GOBIN" ]; then
 fi
 
 
+BUF="${GOBIN}/buf-v1.39.0"
+
 GOIMPORTS="${GOBIN}/goimports-v0.9.3"
 

Makefile

@@ -48,5 +48,15 @@ generate-go-collector-test-files:
 	go mod tidy
 
 .PHONY: fmt
-fmt: common-format
+fmt: common-format $(GOIMPORTS)
 	$(GOIMPORTS) -local github.com/prometheus/client_golang -w .
+
+.PHONY: proto
+proto: ## Regenerate Go from remote write proto.
+proto: $(BUF)
+	@echo ">> regenerating Prometheus Remote Write proto"
+	@cd api/prometheus/v1/genproto && $(BUF) generate
+	@cd api/prometheus/v1 && find genproto/ -type f -exec sed -i '' 's/protohelpers "github.com\/planetscale\/vtprotobuf\/protohelpers"/protohelpers "github.com\/prometheus\/client_golang\/internal\/github.com\/planetscale\/vtprotobuf\/protohelpers"/g' {} \;
+	# For some reasons buf generates this unused import, kill it manually for now and reformat.
+	@cd api/prometheus/v1 && find genproto/ -type f -exec sed -i '' 's/_ "github.com\/gogo\/protobuf\/gogoproto"//g' {} \;
+	@cd api/prometheus/v1 && go fmt ./genproto/...

api/client.go

@@ -18,6 +18,7 @@ import (
 	"bytes"
 	"context"
 	"errors"
+	"io"
 	"net"
 	"net/http"
 	"net/url"
@@ -133,7 +134,8 @@ func (c *httpClient) Do(ctx context.Context, req *http.Request) (*http.Response,
 	resp, err := c.client.Do(req)
 	defer func() {
 		if resp != nil {
-			resp.Body.Close()
+			_, _ = io.Copy(io.Discard, resp.Body)
+			_ = resp.Body.Close()
 		}
 	}()
 
@@ -145,6 +147,7 @@ func (c *httpClient) Do(ctx context.Context, req *http.Request) (*http.Response,
 	done := make(chan struct{})
 	go func() {
 		var buf bytes.Buffer
+		// TODO(bwplotka): Add LimitReader for too long err messages (e.g. limit by 1KB)
 		_, err = buf.ReadFrom(resp.Body)
 		body = buf.Bytes()
 		close(done)

api/prometheus/v1/remote/genproto/buf.gen.yaml

@@ -0,0 +1,21 @@
+# buf.gen.yaml
+version: v2
+
+plugins:
+- remote: buf.build/protocolbuffers/go:v1.31.0
+  out: .
+  opt:
+  - Mio/prometheus/write/v2/types.proto=./v2
+
+# vtproto for efficiency utilities like pooling etc.
+# https://buf.build/community/planetscale-vtprotobuf?version=v0.6.0
+- remote: buf.build/community/planetscale-vtprotobuf:v0.6.0
+  out: .
+  opt:
+  - Mio/prometheus/write/v2/types.proto=./v2
+  - features=marshal+unmarshal+size
+
+inputs:
+- module: buf.build/prometheus/prometheus:5b212ab78fb7460e831cf7ff2d83e385
+  types:
+  - "io.prometheus.write.v2.Request"

api/prometheus/v1/remote/genproto/v2/symbols.go

@@ -0,0 +1,97 @@
+// Copyright (c) Bartłomiej Płotka @bwplotka
+// Licensed under the Apache License 2.0.
+
+// Copyright 2024 Google LLC
+//
+// Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+// you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+// You may obtain a copy of the License at
+//
+//     https://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+//
+// Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+// distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+// WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+// See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+// limitations under the License.
+
+// Copyright 2024 Prometheus Team
+// Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+// you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+// You may obtain a copy of the License at
+//
+// http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+//
+// Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+// distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+// WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+// See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+// limitations under the License.
+
+package writev2
+
+// SymbolsTable implements table for easy symbol use.
+type SymbolsTable struct {
+	strings    []string
+	symbolsMap map[string]uint32
+}
+
+// NewSymbolTable returns a symbol table.
+func NewSymbolTable() SymbolsTable {
+	return SymbolsTable{
+		// Empty string is required as a first element.
+		symbolsMap: map[string]uint32{"": 0},
+		strings:    []string{""},
+	}
+}
+
+// Symbolize adds (if not added before) a string to the symbols table,
+// while returning its reference number.
+func (t *SymbolsTable) Symbolize(str string) uint32 {
+	if ref, ok := t.symbolsMap[str]; ok {
+		return ref
+	}
+	ref := uint32(len(t.strings))
+	t.strings = append(t.strings, str)
+	t.symbolsMap[str] = ref
+	return ref
+}
+
+// SymbolizeLabels symbolize Prometheus labels.
+func (t *SymbolsTable) SymbolizeLabels(lbls []string, buf []uint32) []uint32 {
+	result := buf[:0]
+	for i := 0; i < len(lbls); i += 2 {
+		off := t.Symbolize(lbls[i])
+		result = append(result, off)
+		off = t.Symbolize(lbls[i+1])
+		result = append(result, off)
+	}
+	return result
+}
+
+// Symbols returns computes symbols table to put in e.g. Request.Symbols.
+// As per spec, order does not matter.
+func (t *SymbolsTable) Symbols() []string {
+	return t.strings
+}
+
+// Reset clears symbols table.
+func (t *SymbolsTable) Reset() {
+	// NOTE: Make sure to keep empty symbol.
+	t.strings = t.strings[:1]
+	for k := range t.symbolsMap {
+		if k == "" {
+			continue
+		}
+		delete(t.symbolsMap, k)
+	}
+}
+
+// DesymbolizeLabels decodes label references, with given symbols to labels.
+func DesymbolizeLabels(labelRefs []uint32, symbols, buf []string) []string {
+	result := buf[:0]
+	for i := 0; i < len(labelRefs); i += 2 {
+		result = append(result, symbols[labelRefs[i]], symbols[labelRefs[i+1]])
+	}
+	return result
+}

api/prometheus/v1/remote/genproto/v2/symbols_test.go

@@ -0,0 +1,80 @@
+// Copyright (c) Bartłomiej Płotka @bwplotka
+// Licensed under the Apache License 2.0.
+
+// Copyright 2024 Google LLC
+//
+// Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+// you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+// You may obtain a copy of the License at
+//
+//     https://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+//
+// Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+// distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+// WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+// See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+// limitations under the License.
+
+// Copyright 2024 Prometheus Team
+// Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+// you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+// You may obtain a copy of the License at
+//
+// http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+//
+// Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+// distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+// WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+// See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+// limitations under the License.
+
+package writev2
+
+import (
+	"testing"
+
+	"github.com/google/go-cmp/cmp"
+)
+
+func requireEqual(t testing.TB, expected, got any) {
+	if diff := cmp.Diff(expected, got); diff != "" {
+		t.Fatal(diff)
+	}
+}
+
+func TestSymbolsTable(t *testing.T) {
+	s := NewSymbolTable()
+	requireEqual(t, []string{""}, s.Symbols())
+	requireEqual(t, uint32(0), s.Symbolize(""))
+	requireEqual(t, []string{""}, s.Symbols())
+
+	requireEqual(t, uint32(1), s.Symbolize("abc"))
+	requireEqual(t, []string{"", "abc"}, s.Symbols())
+
+	requireEqual(t, uint32(2), s.Symbolize("__name__"))
+	requireEqual(t, []string{"", "abc", "__name__"}, s.Symbols())
+
+	requireEqual(t, uint32(3), s.Symbolize("foo"))
+	requireEqual(t, []string{"", "abc", "__name__", "foo"}, s.Symbols())
+
+	s.Reset()
+	requireEqual(t, []string{""}, s.Symbols())
+	requireEqual(t, uint32(0), s.Symbolize(""))
+
+	requireEqual(t, uint32(1), s.Symbolize("__name__"))
+	requireEqual(t, []string{"", "__name__"}, s.Symbols())
+
+	requireEqual(t, uint32(2), s.Symbolize("abc"))
+	requireEqual(t, []string{"", "__name__", "abc"}, s.Symbols())
+
+	ls := []string{"__name__", "qwer", "zxcv", "1234"}
+	encoded := s.SymbolizeLabels(ls, nil)
+	requireEqual(t, []uint32{1, 3, 4, 5}, encoded)
+	decoded := DesymbolizeLabels(encoded, s.Symbols(), nil)
+	requireEqual(t, ls, decoded)
+
+	// Different buf.
+	ls = []string{"__name__", "qwer", "zxcv2222", "1234"}
+	encoded = s.SymbolizeLabels(ls, []uint32{1, 3, 4, 5})
+	requireEqual(t, []uint32{1, 3, 6, 5}, encoded)
+}

api/prometheus/v1/remote/remote_api.go

@@ -0,0 +1,376 @@
+// Copyright 2024 The Prometheus Authors
+// Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+// you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+// You may obtain a copy of the License at
+//
+// http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+//
+// Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+// distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+// WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+// See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+// limitations under the License.
+
+// Package remote implements bindings for Prometheus Remote APIs.
+package remote
+
+import (
+	"bytes"
+	"context"
+	"errors"
+	"fmt"
+	"io"
+	"log/slog"
+	"net/http"
+	"strconv"
+	"strings"
+	"time"
+
+	"github.com/klauspost/compress/snappy"
+	"google.golang.org/protobuf/proto"
+
+	"github.com/prometheus/client_golang/api"
+	"github.com/prometheus/client_golang/internal/github.com/efficientgo/core/backoff"
+)
+
+// API is a client for Prometheus Remote Protocols.
+// NOTE(bwplotka): Only https://prometheus.io/docs/specs/remote_write_spec_2_0/ is currently implemented,
+// read protocols to be implemented if there will be a demand.
+type API struct {
+	client api.Client
+	opts   apiOpts
+
+	reqBuf, comprBuf []byte
+}
+
+// APIOption represents a remote API option.
+type APIOption func(o *apiOpts) error
+
+// TODO(bwplotka): Add "too old sample" handling one day.
+type apiOpts struct {
+	logger           *slog.Logger
+	backoff          backoff.Config
+	compression      Compression
+	retryOnRateLimit bool
+}
+
+var defaultAPIOpts = &apiOpts{
+	backoff: backoff.Config{
+		Min:        1 * time.Second,
+		Max:        10 * time.Second,
+		MaxRetries: 10,
+	},
+	// Hardcoded for now.
+	retryOnRateLimit: true,
+	compression:      SnappyBlockCompression,
+}
+
+// WithAPILogger returns APIOption that allows providing slog logger.
+// By default, nothing is logged.
+func WithAPILogger(logger *slog.Logger) APIOption {
+	return func(o *apiOpts) error {
+		o.logger = logger
+		return nil
+	}
+}
+
+type nopSlogHandler struct{}
+
+func (n nopSlogHandler) Enabled(context.Context, slog.Level) bool  { return false }
+func (n nopSlogHandler) Handle(context.Context, slog.Record) error { return nil }
+func (n nopSlogHandler) WithAttrs([]slog.Attr) slog.Handler        { return n }
+func (n nopSlogHandler) WithGroup(string) slog.Handler             { return n }
+
+// NewAPI returns a new API for the clients of Remote Write Protocol.
+//
+// It is not safe to use the returned API from multiple goroutines, create a
+// separate *API for each goroutine.
+func NewAPI(c api.Client, opts ...APIOption) (*API, error) {
+	o := *defaultAPIOpts
+	for _, opt := range opts {
+		if err := opt(&o); err != nil {
+			return nil, err
+		}
+	}
+
+	if o.logger == nil {
+		o.logger = slog.New(nopSlogHandler{})
+	}
+
+	return &API{
+		client: c,
+		opts:   o,
+	}, nil
+}
+
+type retryableError struct {
+	error
+	retryAfter time.Duration
+}
+
+func (r retryableError) RetryAfter() time.Duration {
+	return r.retryAfter
+}
+
+type vtProtoEnabled interface {
+	SizeVT() int
+	MarshalToSizedBufferVT(dAtA []byte) (int, error)
+}
+
+// Write writes given, non-empty, protobuf message to a remote storage.
+// The https://github.com/planetscale/vtprotobuf methods will be used if your msg
+// supports those (e.g. SizeVT() and MarshalToSizedBufferVT(...)), for efficiency.
+func (r *API) Write(ctx context.Context, msg proto.Message) (_ WriteResponseStats, err error) {
+	// Detect content-type.
+	cType := WriteProtoFullName(proto.MessageName(msg))
+	if err := cType.Validate(); err != nil {
+		return WriteResponseStats{}, err
+	}
+
+	// Encode the payload.
+	if emsg, ok := msg.(vtProtoEnabled); ok {
+		// Use optimized vtprotobuf if supported.
+		size := emsg.SizeVT()
+		if len(r.reqBuf) < size {
+			r.reqBuf = make([]byte, size)
+		}
+		if _, err := emsg.MarshalToSizedBufferVT(r.reqBuf[:size]); err != nil {
+			return WriteResponseStats{}, fmt.Errorf("encoding request %w", err)
+		}
+	} else {
+		// Generic proto.
+		r.reqBuf = r.reqBuf[:0]
+		r.reqBuf, err = (proto.MarshalOptions{}).MarshalAppend(r.reqBuf, msg)
+		if err != nil {
+			return WriteResponseStats{}, fmt.Errorf("encoding request %w", err)
+		}
+	}
+
+	payload, err := compressPayload(&r.comprBuf, r.opts.compression, r.reqBuf)
+	if err != nil {
+		return WriteResponseStats{}, fmt.Errorf("compressing %w", err)
+	}
+
+	// Since we retry writes we need to track the total amount of accepted data
+	// across the various attempts.
+	accumulatedStats := WriteResponseStats{}
+
+	b := backoff.New(ctx, r.opts.backoff)
+	for {
+		rs, err := r.attemptWrite(ctx, r.opts.compression, cType, payload, b.NumRetries())
+		accumulatedStats = accumulatedStats.Add(rs)
+		if err == nil {
+			// Check the case mentioned in PRW 2.0.
+			// https://prometheus.io/docs/specs/remote_write_spec_2_0/#required-written-response-headers.
+			if cType == WriteProtoFullNameV2 && !accumulatedStats.Confirmed && accumulatedStats.NoDataWritten() {
+				// TODO(bwplotka): Allow users to disable this check or provide their stats for us to know if it's empty.
+				return accumulatedStats, fmt.Errorf("sent v2 request; "+
+					"got 2xx, but PRW 2.0 response header statistics indicate %v samples, %v histograms "+
+					"and %v exemplars were accepted; assumining failure e.g. the target only supports "+
+					"PRW 1.0 prometheus.WriteRequest, but does not check the Content-Type header correctly",
+					accumulatedStats.Samples, accumulatedStats.Histograms, accumulatedStats.Exemplars,
+				)
+			}
+			// Success!
+			// TODO(bwplotka): Debug log with retry summary?
+			return accumulatedStats, nil
+		}
+
+		var retryableErr retryableError
+		if !errors.As(err, &retryableErr) {
+			// TODO(bwplotka): More context in the error e.g. about retries.
+			return accumulatedStats, err
+		}
+
+		if !b.Ongoing() {
+			// TODO(bwplotka): More context in the error e.g. about retries.
+			return accumulatedStats, err
+		}
+
+		backoffDelay := b.NextDelay() + retryableErr.RetryAfter()
+		r.opts.logger.Error("failed to send remote write request; retrying after backoff", "err", err, "backoff", backoffDelay)
+		select {
+		case <-ctx.Done():
+			// TODO(bwplotka): More context in the error e.g. about retries.
+			return WriteResponseStats{}, ctx.Err()
+		case <-time.After(backoffDelay):
+			// Retry.
+		}
+	}
+}
+
+func compressPayload(tmpbuf *[]byte, enc Compression, inp []byte) (compressed []byte, _ error) {
+	switch enc {
+	case SnappyBlockCompression:
+		compressed = snappy.Encode(*tmpbuf, inp)
+		if n := snappy.MaxEncodedLen(len(inp)); n > len(*tmpbuf) {
+			// grow the buffer for the next time.
+			*tmpbuf = make([]byte, n)
+		}
+		return compressed, nil
+	default:
+		return compressed, fmt.Errorf("unknown compression scheme [%v]", enc)
+	}
+}
+
+func (r *API) attemptWrite(ctx context.Context, compr Compression, proto WriteProtoFullName, payload []byte, attempt int) (WriteResponseStats, error) {
+	u := r.client.URL("api/v1/write", nil)
+	req, err := http.NewRequest(http.MethodPost, u.String(), bytes.NewReader(payload))
+	if err != nil {
+		// Errors from NewRequest are from unparsable URLs, so are not
+		// recoverable.
+		return WriteResponseStats{}, err
+	}
+
+	req.Header.Add("Content-Encoding", string(compr))
+	req.Header.Set("Content-Type", contentTypeHeader(proto))
+	if proto == WriteProtoFullNameV1 {
+		// Compatibility mode for 1.0.
+		req.Header.Set(versionHeader, version1HeaderValue)
+	} else {
+		req.Header.Set(versionHeader, version20HeaderValue)
+	}
+
+	if attempt > 0 {
+		req.Header.Set("Retry-Attempt", strconv.Itoa(attempt))
+	}
+
+	resp, body, err := r.client.Do(ctx, req)
+	if err != nil {
+		// Errors from Client.Do are likely network errors, so recoverable.
+		return WriteResponseStats{}, retryableError{err, 0}
+	}
+
+	rs, err := parseWriteResponseStats(resp)
+	if err != nil {
+		r.opts.logger.Warn("parsing rw write statistics failed; partial or no stats", "err", err)
+	}
+
+	if resp.StatusCode/100 == 2 {
+		return rs, nil
+	}
+
+	err = fmt.Errorf("server returned HTTP status %s: %s", resp.Status, body)
+	if resp.StatusCode/100 == 5 ||
+		(r.opts.retryOnRateLimit && resp.StatusCode == http.StatusTooManyRequests) {
+		return rs, retryableError{err, retryAfterDuration(resp.Header.Get("Retry-After"))}
+	}
+	return rs, err
+}
+
+// retryAfterDuration returns the duration for the Retry-After header. In case of any errors, it
+// returns 0 as if the header was never supplied.
+func retryAfterDuration(t string) time.Duration {
+	parsedDuration, err := time.Parse(http.TimeFormat, t)
+	if err == nil {
+		return time.Until(parsedDuration)
+	}
+	// The duration can be in seconds.
+	d, err := strconv.Atoi(t)
+	if err != nil {
+		return 0
+	}
+	return time.Duration(d) * time.Second
+}
+
+// writeStorage represents the storage for RemoteWriteHandler.
+// This interface is intentionally private due its experimental state.
+type writeStorage interface {
+	Store(ctx context.Context, proto WriteProtoFullName, serializedRequest []byte) (_ WriteResponseStats, code int, _ error)
+}
+
+type handler struct {
+	logger *slog.Logger
+	store  writeStorage
+}
+
+// NewRemoteWriteHandler returns HTTP handler that receives Remote Write 2.0
+// protocol https://prometheus.io/docs/specs/remote_write_spec_2_0/.
+func NewRemoteWriteHandler(logger *slog.Logger, store writeStorage) http.Handler {
+	return &handler{logger: logger, store: store}
+}
+
+func parseProtoMsg(contentType string) (WriteProtoFullName, error) {
+	contentType = strings.TrimSpace(contentType)
+
+	parts := strings.Split(contentType, ";")
+	if parts[0] != appProtoContentType {
+		return "", fmt.Errorf("expected %v as the first (media) part, got %v content-type", appProtoContentType, contentType)
+	}
+	// Parse potential https://www.rfc-editor.org/rfc/rfc9110#parameter
+	for _, p := range parts[1:] {
+		pair := strings.Split(p, "=")
+		if len(pair) != 2 {
+			return "", fmt.Errorf("as per https://www.rfc-editor.org/rfc/rfc9110#parameter expected parameters to be key-values, got %v in %v content-type", p, contentType)
+		}
+		if pair[0] == "proto" {
+			ret := WriteProtoFullName(pair[1])
+			if err := ret.Validate(); err != nil {
+				return "", fmt.Errorf("got %v content type; %w", contentType, err)
+			}
+			return ret, nil
+		}
+	}
+	// No "proto=" parameter, assuming v1.
+	return WriteProtoFullNameV1, nil
+}
+
+func (h *handler) ServeHTTP(w http.ResponseWriter, r *http.Request) {
+	contentType := r.Header.Get("Content-Type")
+	if contentType == "" {
+		// Don't break yolo 1.0 clients if not needed.
+		// We could give http.StatusUnsupportedMediaType, but let's assume 1.0 message by default.
+		contentType = appProtoContentType
+	}
+
+	msgType, err := parseProtoMsg(contentType)
+	if err != nil {
+		h.logger.Error("Error decoding remote write request", "err", err)
+		http.Error(w, err.Error(), http.StatusUnsupportedMediaType)
+		return
+	}
+
+	enc := r.Header.Get("Content-Encoding")
+	if enc == "" {
+		// Don't break yolo 1.0 clients if not needed. This is similar to what we did
+		// before 2.0: https://github.com/prometheus/prometheus/blob/d78253319daa62c8f28ed47e40bafcad2dd8b586/storage/remote/write_handler.go#L62
+		// We could give http.StatusUnsupportedMediaType, but let's assume snappy by default.
+	} else if enc != string(SnappyBlockCompression) {
+		err := fmt.Errorf("%v encoding (compression) is not accepted by this server; only %v is acceptable", enc, SnappyBlockCompression)
+		h.logger.Error("Error decoding remote write request", "err", err)
+		http.Error(w, err.Error(), http.StatusUnsupportedMediaType)
+	}
+
+	// Read the request body.
+	body, err := io.ReadAll(r.Body)
+	if err != nil {
+		h.logger.Error("Error decoding remote write request", "err", err.Error())
+		http.Error(w, err.Error(), http.StatusBadRequest)
+		return
+	}
+
+	decompressed, err := snappy.Decode(nil, body)
+	if err != nil {
+		// TODO(bwplotka): Add more context to responded error?
+		h.logger.Error("Error decompressing remote write request", "err", err.Error())
+		http.Error(w, err.Error(), http.StatusBadRequest)
+		return
+	}
+
+	stats, code, storeErr := h.store.Store(r.Context(), msgType, decompressed)
+
+	// Set required X-Prometheus-Remote-Write-Written-* response headers, in all cases.
+	stats.SetHeaders(w)
+
+	if storeErr != nil {
+		if code == 0 {
+			code = http.StatusInternalServerError
+		}
+		if code/5 == 100 { // 5xx
+			h.logger.Error("Error while remote writing the v2 request", "err", storeErr.Error())
+		}
+		http.Error(w, storeErr.Error(), code)
+		return
+	}
+	w.WriteHeader(http.StatusNoContent)
+}

api/prometheus/v1/remote/remote_api_test.go

@@ -0,0 +1,157 @@
+// Copyright 2024 The Prometheus Authors
+// Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+// you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+// You may obtain a copy of the License at
+//
+// http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+//
+// Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+// distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+// WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+// See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+// limitations under the License.
+
+package remote
+
+import (
+	"context"
+	"log/slog"
+	"net/http"
+	"net/http/httptest"
+	"testing"
+	"time"
+
+	"github.com/google/go-cmp/cmp"
+	"github.com/prometheus/common/model"
+	"google.golang.org/protobuf/proto"
+	"google.golang.org/protobuf/testing/protocmp"
+
+	"github.com/prometheus/client_golang/api"
+	writev2 "github.com/prometheus/client_golang/api/prometheus/v1/remote/genproto/v2"
+)
+
+func TestRetryAfterDuration(t *testing.T) {
+	tc := []struct {
+		name     string
+		tInput   string
+		expected model.Duration
+	}{
+		{
+			name:     "seconds",
+			tInput:   "120",
+			expected: model.Duration(time.Second * 120),
+		},
+		{
+			name:     "date-time default",
+			tInput:   time.RFC1123, // Expected layout is http.TimeFormat, hence an error.
+			expected: 0,
+		},
+		{
+			name:     "retry-after not provided",
+			tInput:   "", // Expected layout is http.TimeFormat, hence an error.
+			expected: 0,
+		},
+	}
+	for _, c := range tc {
+		if got := retryAfterDuration(c.tInput); got != time.Duration(c.expected) {
+			t.Fatal("expected", c.expected, "got", got)
+		}
+	}
+}
+
+type mockStorage struct {
+	v2Reqs []*writev2.Request
+	protos []WriteProtoFullName
+
+	mockCode *int
+	mockErr  error
+}
+
+func (m *mockStorage) Store(_ context.Context, msgFullName WriteProtoFullName, serializedRequest []byte) (w WriteResponseStats, code int, _ error) {
+	if m.mockErr != nil {
+		return w, *m.mockCode, m.mockErr
+	}
+
+	// This test expects v2 only.
+	r := &writev2.Request{}
+	if err := proto.Unmarshal(serializedRequest, r); err != nil {
+		return WriteResponseStats{}, http.StatusInternalServerError, err
+	}
+	m.v2Reqs = append(m.v2Reqs, r)
+	m.protos = append(m.protos, msgFullName)
+	return stats(r), http.StatusOK, nil
+}
+
+func testV2() *writev2.Request {
+	s := writev2.NewSymbolTable()
+	return &writev2.Request{
+		Timeseries: []*writev2.TimeSeries{
+			{
+				Metadata: &writev2.Metadata{
+					Type:    writev2.Metadata_METRIC_TYPE_COUNTER,
+					HelpRef: s.Symbolize("My lovely counter"),
+				},
+				LabelsRefs: s.SymbolizeLabels([]string{"__name__", "metric1", "foo", "bar1"}, nil),
+				Samples: []*writev2.Sample{
+					{Value: 1.1, Timestamp: 1214141},
+					{Value: 1.5, Timestamp: 1214180},
+				},
+			},
+			{
+				Metadata: &writev2.Metadata{
+					Type:    writev2.Metadata_METRIC_TYPE_COUNTER,
+					HelpRef: s.Symbolize("My lovely counter"),
+				},
+				LabelsRefs: s.SymbolizeLabels([]string{"__name__", "metric1", "foo", "bar2"}, nil),
+				Samples: []*writev2.Sample{
+					{Value: 1231311, Timestamp: 1214141},
+					{Value: 1310001, Timestamp: 1214180},
+				},
+			},
+		},
+	}
+}
+
+func stats(req *writev2.Request) (s WriteResponseStats) {
+	s.Confirmed = true
+	for _, ts := range req.Timeseries {
+		s.Samples += len(ts.Samples)
+		s.Histograms += len(ts.Histograms)
+		s.Exemplars += len(ts.Exemplars)
+	}
+	return s
+}
+
+func TestRemoteAPI_Write_WithHandler(t *testing.T) {
+	tLogger := slog.Default()
+	mStore := &mockStorage{}
+	srv := httptest.NewServer(NewRemoteWriteHandler(tLogger, mStore))
+	t.Cleanup(srv.Close)
+
+	cl, err := api.NewClient(api.Config{
+		Address:      srv.URL,
+		RoundTripper: srv.Client().Transport,
+	})
+	if err != nil {
+		t.Fatal(err)
+	}
+	client, err := NewAPI(cl, WithAPILogger(tLogger))
+	if err != nil {
+		t.Fatal(err)
+	}
+
+	req := testV2()
+	s, err := client.Write(context.Background(), req)
+	if err != nil {
+		t.Fatal(err)
+	}
+	if diff := cmp.Diff(stats(req), s); diff != "" {
+		t.Fatal("unexpected stats", diff)
+	}
+	if len(mStore.v2Reqs) != 1 {
+		t.Fatal("expected 1 request stored, got", mStore.v2Reqs)
+	}
+	if diff := cmp.Diff(req, mStore.v2Reqs[0], protocmp.Transform()); diff != "" {
+		t.Fatal("unexpected request received", diff)
+	}
+}

api/prometheus/v1/remote/remote_headers.go

@@ -0,0 +1,178 @@
+// Copyright 2024 The Prometheus Authors
+// Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+// you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+// You may obtain a copy of the License at
+//
+// http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+//
+// Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+// distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+// WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+// See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+// limitations under the License.
+
+package remote
+
+import (
+	"errors"
+	"fmt"
+	"net/http"
+	"strconv"
+	"strings"
+
+	"google.golang.org/protobuf/reflect/protoreflect"
+)
+
+const (
+	versionHeader        = "X-Prometheus-Remote-Write-Version"
+	version1HeaderValue  = "0.1.0"
+	version20HeaderValue = "2.0.0"
+	appProtoContentType  = "application/x-protobuf"
+)
+
+// Compression represents the encoding. Currently remote storage supports only
+// one, but we experiment with more, thus leaving the compression scaffolding
+// for now.
+type Compression string
+
+const (
+	// SnappyBlockCompression represents https://github.com/google/snappy/blob/2c94e11145f0b7b184b831577c93e5a41c4c0346/format_description.txt
+	SnappyBlockCompression Compression = "snappy"
+)
+
+// WriteProtoFullName represents the fully qualified name of the protobuf message
+// to use in Remote write 1.0 and 2.0 protocols.
+// See https://prometheus.io/docs/specs/remote_write_spec_2_0/#protocol.
+type WriteProtoFullName protoreflect.FullName
+
+const (
+	// WriteProtoFullNameV1 represents the `prometheus.WriteRequest` protobuf
+	// message introduced in the https://prometheus.io/docs/specs/remote_write_spec/.
+	// DEPRECATED: Use WriteProtoFullNameV2 instead.
+	WriteProtoFullNameV1 WriteProtoFullName = "prometheus.WriteRequest"
+	// WriteProtoFullNameV2 represents the `io.prometheus.write.v2.Request` protobuf
+	// message introduced in https://prometheus.io/docs/specs/remote_write_spec_2_0/
+	WriteProtoFullNameV2 WriteProtoFullName = "io.prometheus.write.v2.Request"
+)
+
+// Validate returns error if the given reference for the protobuf message is not supported.
+func (n WriteProtoFullName) Validate() error {
+	switch n {
+	case WriteProtoFullNameV1, WriteProtoFullNameV2:
+		return nil
+	default:
+		return fmt.Errorf("unknown remote write protobuf message %v, supported: %v", n, protoMsgs{WriteProtoFullNameV1, WriteProtoFullNameV2}.String())
+	}
+}
+
+type protoMsgs []WriteProtoFullName
+
+func (m protoMsgs) Strings() []string {
+	ret := make([]string, 0, len(m))
+	for _, typ := range m {
+		ret = append(ret, string(typ))
+	}
+	return ret
+}
+
+func (m protoMsgs) String() string {
+	return strings.Join(m.Strings(), ", ")
+}
+
+var contentTypeHeaders = map[WriteProtoFullName]string{
+	WriteProtoFullNameV1: appProtoContentType, // Also application/x-protobuf;proto=prometheus.WriteRequest but simplified for compatibility with 1.x spec.
+	WriteProtoFullNameV2: appProtoContentType + ";proto=io.prometheus.write.v2.Request",
+}
+
+// ContentTypeHeader returns content type header value for the given proto message
+// or empty string for unknown proto message.
+func contentTypeHeader(m WriteProtoFullName) string {
+	return contentTypeHeaders[m]
+}
+
+const (
+	writtenSamplesHeader    = "X-Prometheus-Remote-Write-Samples-Written"
+	writtenHistogramsHeader = "X-Prometheus-Remote-Write-Histograms-Written"
+	writtenExemplarsHeader  = "X-Prometheus-Remote-Write-Exemplars-Written"
+)
+
+// WriteResponseStats represents the response, remote write statistics.
+type WriteResponseStats struct {
+	// Samples represents X-Prometheus-Remote-Write-Written-Samples
+	Samples int
+	// Histograms represents X-Prometheus-Remote-Write-Written-Histograms
+	Histograms int
+	// Exemplars represents X-Prometheus-Remote-Write-Written-Exemplars
+	Exemplars int
+
+	// Confirmed means we can trust those statistics from the point of view
+	// of the PRW 2.0 spec. When parsed from headers, it means we got at least one
+	// response header from the Receiver to confirm those numbers, meaning it must
+	// be at least 2.0 Receiver. See ParseWriteResponseStats for details.
+	Confirmed bool
+}
+
+// NoDataWritten returns true if statistics indicate no data was written.
+func (s WriteResponseStats) NoDataWritten() bool {
+	return (s.Samples + s.Histograms + s.Exemplars) == 0
+}
+
+// AllSamples returns both float and histogram sample numbers.
+func (s WriteResponseStats) AllSamples() int {
+	return s.Samples + s.Histograms
+}
+
+// Add returns the sum of this WriteResponseStats plus the given WriteResponseStats.
+func (s WriteResponseStats) Add(rs WriteResponseStats) WriteResponseStats {
+	s.Confirmed = rs.Confirmed
+	s.Samples += rs.Samples
+	s.Histograms += rs.Histograms
+	s.Exemplars += rs.Exemplars
+	return s
+}
+
+// SetHeaders sets response headers in a given response writer.
+// Make sure to use it before http.ResponseWriter.WriteHeader and .Write.
+func (s WriteResponseStats) SetHeaders(w http.ResponseWriter) {
+	h := w.Header()
+	h.Set(writtenSamplesHeader, strconv.Itoa(s.Samples))
+	h.Set(writtenHistogramsHeader, strconv.Itoa(s.Histograms))
+	h.Set(writtenExemplarsHeader, strconv.Itoa(s.Exemplars))
+}
+
+// parseWriteResponseStats returns WriteResponseStats parsed from the response headers.
+//
+// As per 2.0 spec, missing header means 0. However, abrupt HTTP errors, 1.0 Receivers
+// or buggy 2.0 Receivers might result in no response headers specified and that
+// might NOT necessarily mean nothing was written. To represent that we set
+// s.Confirmed = true only when see at least on response header.
+//
+// Error is returned when any of the header fails to parse as int64.
+func parseWriteResponseStats(r *http.Response) (s WriteResponseStats, err error) {
+	var (
+		errs []error
+		h    = r.Header
+	)
+	if v := h.Get(writtenSamplesHeader); v != "" { // Empty means zero.
+		s.Confirmed = true
+		if s.Samples, err = strconv.Atoi(v); err != nil {
+			s.Samples = 0
+			errs = append(errs, err)
+		}
+	}
+	if v := h.Get(writtenHistogramsHeader); v != "" { // Empty means zero.
+		s.Confirmed = true
+		if s.Histograms, err = strconv.Atoi(v); err != nil {
+			s.Histograms = 0
+			errs = append(errs, err)
+		}
+	}
+	if v := h.Get(writtenExemplarsHeader); v != "" { // Empty means zero.
+		s.Confirmed = true
+		if s.Exemplars, err = strconv.Atoi(v); err != nil {
+			s.Exemplars = 0
+			errs = append(errs, err)
+		}
+	}
+	return s, errors.Join(errs...)
+}

internal/github.com/efficientgo/core/backoff/backoff.go

@@ -0,0 +1,114 @@
+// Copyright (c) The EfficientGo Authors.
+// Licensed under the Apache License 2.0.
+
+// Initially copied from Cortex project.
+
+// Package backoff implements backoff timers which increases wait time on every retry, incredibly useful
+// in distributed system timeout functionalities.
+package backoff
+
+import (
+	"context"
+	"fmt"
+	"math/rand"
+	"time"
+)
+
+// Config configures a Backoff.
+type Config struct {
+	Min        time.Duration `yaml:"min_period"`  // Start backoff at this level
+	Max        time.Duration `yaml:"max_period"`  // Increase exponentially to this level
+	MaxRetries int           `yaml:"max_retries"` // Give up after this many; zero means infinite retries
+}
+
+// Backoff implements exponential backoff with randomized wait times.
+type Backoff struct {
+	cfg          Config
+	ctx          context.Context
+	numRetries   int
+	nextDelayMin time.Duration
+	nextDelayMax time.Duration
+}
+
+// New creates a Backoff object. Pass a Context that can also terminate the operation.
+func New(ctx context.Context, cfg Config) *Backoff {
+	return &Backoff{
+		cfg:          cfg,
+		ctx:          ctx,
+		nextDelayMin: cfg.Min,
+		nextDelayMax: doubleDuration(cfg.Min, cfg.Max),
+	}
+}
+
+// Reset the Backoff back to its initial condition.
+func (b *Backoff) Reset() {
+	b.numRetries = 0
+	b.nextDelayMin = b.cfg.Min
+	b.nextDelayMax = doubleDuration(b.cfg.Min, b.cfg.Max)
+}
+
+// Ongoing returns true if caller should keep going.
+func (b *Backoff) Ongoing() bool {
+	// Stop if Context has errored or max retry count is exceeded.
+	return b.ctx.Err() == nil && (b.cfg.MaxRetries == 0 || b.numRetries < b.cfg.MaxRetries)
+}
+
+// Err returns the reason for terminating the backoff, or nil if it didn't terminate.
+func (b *Backoff) Err() error {
+	if b.ctx.Err() != nil {
+		return b.ctx.Err()
+	}
+	if b.cfg.MaxRetries != 0 && b.numRetries >= b.cfg.MaxRetries {
+		return fmt.Errorf("terminated after %d retries", b.numRetries)
+	}
+	return nil
+}
+
+// NumRetries returns the number of retries so far.
+func (b *Backoff) NumRetries() int {
+	return b.numRetries
+}
+
+// Wait sleeps for the backoff time then increases the retry count and backoff time.
+// Returns immediately if Context is terminated.
+func (b *Backoff) Wait() {
+	// Increase the number of retries and get the next delay.
+	sleepTime := b.NextDelay()
+
+	if b.Ongoing() {
+		select {
+		case <-b.ctx.Done():
+		case <-time.After(sleepTime):
+		}
+	}
+}
+
+func (b *Backoff) NextDelay() time.Duration {
+	b.numRetries++
+
+	// Handle the edge case the min and max have the same value
+	// (or due to some misconfig max is < min).
+	if b.nextDelayMin >= b.nextDelayMax {
+		return b.nextDelayMin
+	}
+
+	// Add a jitter within the next exponential backoff range.
+	sleepTime := b.nextDelayMin + time.Duration(rand.Int63n(int64(b.nextDelayMax-b.nextDelayMin)))
+
+	// Apply the exponential backoff to calculate the next jitter
+	// range, unless we've already reached the max.
+	if b.nextDelayMax < b.cfg.Max {
+		b.nextDelayMin = doubleDuration(b.nextDelayMin, b.cfg.Max)
+		b.nextDelayMax = doubleDuration(b.nextDelayMax, b.cfg.Max)
+	}
+
+	return sleepTime
+}
+
+func doubleDuration(value, maxValue time.Duration) time.Duration {
+	value = value * 2
+	if value <= maxValue {
+		return value
+	}
+	return maxValue
+}

internal/github.com/efficientgo/core/backoff/backoff_test.go

@@ -0,0 +1,108 @@
+// Copyright (c) The EfficientGo Authors.
+// Licensed under the Apache License 2.0.
+
+// Initially copied from Cortex project.
+
+package backoff
+
+import (
+	"context"
+	"testing"
+	"time"
+)
+
+func TestBackoff_NextDelay(t *testing.T) {
+	t.Parallel()
+
+	tests := map[string]struct {
+		minBackoff     time.Duration
+		maxBackoff     time.Duration
+		expectedRanges [][]time.Duration
+	}{
+		"exponential backoff with jitter honoring min and max": {
+			minBackoff: 100 * time.Millisecond,
+			maxBackoff: 10 * time.Second,
+			expectedRanges: [][]time.Duration{
+				{100 * time.Millisecond, 200 * time.Millisecond},
+				{200 * time.Millisecond, 400 * time.Millisecond},
+				{400 * time.Millisecond, 800 * time.Millisecond},
+				{800 * time.Millisecond, 1600 * time.Millisecond},
+				{1600 * time.Millisecond, 3200 * time.Millisecond},
+				{3200 * time.Millisecond, 6400 * time.Millisecond},
+				{6400 * time.Millisecond, 10000 * time.Millisecond},
+				{6400 * time.Millisecond, 10000 * time.Millisecond},
+			},
+		},
+		"exponential backoff with max equal to the end of a range": {
+			minBackoff: 100 * time.Millisecond,
+			maxBackoff: 800 * time.Millisecond,
+			expectedRanges: [][]time.Duration{
+				{100 * time.Millisecond, 200 * time.Millisecond},
+				{200 * time.Millisecond, 400 * time.Millisecond},
+				{400 * time.Millisecond, 800 * time.Millisecond},
+				{400 * time.Millisecond, 800 * time.Millisecond},
+			},
+		},
+		"exponential backoff with max equal to the end of a range + 1": {
+			minBackoff: 100 * time.Millisecond,
+			maxBackoff: 801 * time.Millisecond,
+			expectedRanges: [][]time.Duration{
+				{100 * time.Millisecond, 200 * time.Millisecond},
+				{200 * time.Millisecond, 400 * time.Millisecond},
+				{400 * time.Millisecond, 800 * time.Millisecond},
+				{800 * time.Millisecond, 801 * time.Millisecond},
+				{800 * time.Millisecond, 801 * time.Millisecond},
+			},
+		},
+		"exponential backoff with max equal to the end of a range - 1": {
+			minBackoff: 100 * time.Millisecond,
+			maxBackoff: 799 * time.Millisecond,
+			expectedRanges: [][]time.Duration{
+				{100 * time.Millisecond, 200 * time.Millisecond},
+				{200 * time.Millisecond, 400 * time.Millisecond},
+				{400 * time.Millisecond, 799 * time.Millisecond},
+				{400 * time.Millisecond, 799 * time.Millisecond},
+			},
+		},
+		"min backoff is equal to max": {
+			minBackoff: 100 * time.Millisecond,
+			maxBackoff: 100 * time.Millisecond,
+			expectedRanges: [][]time.Duration{
+				{100 * time.Millisecond, 100 * time.Millisecond},
+				{100 * time.Millisecond, 100 * time.Millisecond},
+				{100 * time.Millisecond, 100 * time.Millisecond},
+			},
+		},
+		"min backoff is greater then max": {
+			minBackoff: 200 * time.Millisecond,
+			maxBackoff: 100 * time.Millisecond,
+			expectedRanges: [][]time.Duration{
+				{200 * time.Millisecond, 200 * time.Millisecond},
+				{200 * time.Millisecond, 200 * time.Millisecond},
+				{200 * time.Millisecond, 200 * time.Millisecond},
+			},
+		},
+	}
+
+	for testName, testData := range tests {
+		testData := testData
+
+		t.Run(testName, func(t *testing.T) {
+			t.Parallel()
+
+			b := New(context.Background(), Config{
+				Min:        testData.minBackoff,
+				Max:        testData.maxBackoff,
+				MaxRetries: len(testData.expectedRanges),
+			})
+
+			for _, expectedRange := range testData.expectedRanges {
+				delay := b.NextDelay()
+
+				if delay < expectedRange[0] || delay > expectedRange[1] {
+					t.Errorf("%d expected to be within %d and %d", delay, expectedRange[0], expectedRange[1])
+				}
+			}
+		})
+	}
+}

internal/github.com/planetscale/vtprotobuf/protohelpers/protohelpers.go

@@ -0,0 +1,124 @@
+// Copyright (c) 2022 PlanetScale Inc. All rights reserved.
+
+// Package protohelpers provides helper functions for encoding and decoding protobuf messages.
+// The spec can be found at https://protobuf.dev/programming-guides/encoding/.
+package protohelpers
+
+import (
+	"fmt"
+	"io"
+	"math/bits"
+)
+
+var (
+	// ErrInvalidLength is returned when decoding a negative length.
+	ErrInvalidLength = fmt.Errorf("proto: negative length found during unmarshaling")
+	// ErrIntOverflow is returned when decoding a varint representation of an integer that overflows 64 bits.
+	ErrIntOverflow = fmt.Errorf("proto: integer overflow")
+	// ErrUnexpectedEndOfGroup is returned when decoding a group end without a corresponding group start.
+	ErrUnexpectedEndOfGroup = fmt.Errorf("proto: unexpected end of group")
+)
+
+// EncodeVarint encodes a uint64 into a varint-encoded byte slice and returns the offset of the encoded value.
+// The provided offset is the offset after the last byte of the encoded value.
+func EncodeVarint(dAtA []byte, offset int, v uint64) int {
+	offset -= SizeOfVarint(v)
+	base := offset
+	for v >= 1<<7 {
+		dAtA[offset] = uint8(v&0x7f | 0x80)
+		v >>= 7
+		offset++
+	}
+	dAtA[offset] = uint8(v)
+	return base
+}
+
+// SizeOfVarint returns the size of the varint-encoded value.
+func SizeOfVarint(x uint64) (n int) {
+	return (bits.Len64(x|1) + 6) / 7
+}
+
+// SizeOfZigzag returns the size of the zigzag-encoded value.
+func SizeOfZigzag(x uint64) (n int) {
+	return SizeOfVarint((x << 1) ^ uint64(int64(x)>>63))
+}
+
+// Skip the first record of the byte slice and return the offset of the next record.
+func Skip(dAtA []byte) (n int, err error) {
+	l := len(dAtA)
+	iNdEx := 0
+	depth := 0
+	for iNdEx < l {
+		var wire uint64
+		for shift := uint(0); ; shift += 7 {
+			if shift >= 64 {
+				return 0, ErrIntOverflow
+			}
+			if iNdEx >= l {
+				return 0, io.ErrUnexpectedEOF
+			}
+			b := dAtA[iNdEx]
+			iNdEx++
+			wire |= (uint64(b) & 0x7F) << shift
+			if b < 0x80 {
+				break
+			}
+		}
+		wireType := int(wire & 0x7)
+		switch wireType {
+		case 0:
+			for shift := uint(0); ; shift += 7 {
+				if shift >= 64 {
+					return 0, ErrIntOverflow
+				}
+				if iNdEx >= l {
+					return 0, io.ErrUnexpectedEOF
+				}
+				iNdEx++
+				if dAtA[iNdEx-1] < 0x80 {
+					break
+				}
+			}
+		case 1:
+			iNdEx += 8
+		case 2:
+			var length int
+			for shift := uint(0); ; shift += 7 {
+				if shift >= 64 {
+					return 0, ErrIntOverflow
+				}
+				if iNdEx >= l {
+					return 0, io.ErrUnexpectedEOF
+				}
+				b := dAtA[iNdEx]
+				iNdEx++
+				length |= (int(b) & 0x7F) << shift
+				if b < 0x80 {
+					break
+				}
+			}
+			if length < 0 {
+				return 0, ErrInvalidLength
+			}
+			iNdEx += length
+		case 3:
+			depth++
+		case 4:
+			if depth == 0 {
+				return 0, ErrUnexpectedEndOfGroup
+			}
+			depth--
+		case 5:
+			iNdEx += 4
+		default:
+			return 0, fmt.Errorf("proto: illegal wireType %d", wireType)
+		}
+		if iNdEx < 0 {
+			return 0, ErrInvalidLength
+		}
+		if depth == 0 {
+			return iNdEx, nil
+		}
+	}
+	return 0, io.ErrUnexpectedEOF
+}

prometheus/histogram_test.go

@@ -382,6 +382,7 @@ func TestHistogramAtomicObserve(t *testing.T) {
 				return
 			default:
 				his.Observe(1)
+				time.Sleep(time.Nanosecond)
 			}
 		}
 	}