client_golang/prometheus/histogram.go

// Copyright 2015 The Prometheus Authors
// Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
// you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
// You may obtain a copy of the License at
//
// http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
//
// Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
// distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
// WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
// See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
// limitations under the License.

package prometheus

import (
	"fmt"
	"math"
	"runtime"
	"sort"
	"sync"
	"sync/atomic"
	"time"

	dto "github.com/prometheus/client_model/go"

	"google.golang.org/protobuf/proto"
)

// nativeHistogramBounds for the frac of observed values. Only relevant for
// schema > 0. The position in the slice is the schema. (0 is never used, just
// here for convenience of using the schema directly as the index.)
//
// TODO(beorn7): Currently, we do a binary search into these slices. There are
// ways to turn it into a small number of simple array lookups. It probably only
// matters for schema 5 and beyond, but should be investigated. See this comment
// as a starting point:
// https://github.com/open-telemetry/opentelemetry-specification/issues/1776#issuecomment-870164310
var nativeHistogramBounds = [][]float64{
	// Schema "0":
	{0.5},
	// Schema 1:
	{0.5, 0.7071067811865475},
	// Schema 2:
	{0.5, 0.5946035575013605, 0.7071067811865475, 0.8408964152537144},
	// Schema 3:
	{
		0.5, 0.5452538663326288, 0.5946035575013605, 0.6484197773255048,
		0.7071067811865475, 0.7711054127039704, 0.8408964152537144, 0.9170040432046711,
	},
	// Schema 4:
	{
		0.5, 0.5221368912137069, 0.5452538663326288, 0.5693943173783458,
		0.5946035575013605, 0.620928906036742, 0.6484197773255048, 0.6771277734684463,
		0.7071067811865475, 0.7384130729697496, 0.7711054127039704, 0.805245165974627,
		0.8408964152537144, 0.8781260801866495, 0.9170040432046711, 0.9576032806985735,
	},
	// Schema 5:
	{
		0.5, 0.5109485743270583, 0.5221368912137069, 0.5335702003384117,
		0.5452538663326288, 0.5571933712979462, 0.5693943173783458, 0.5818624293887887,
		0.5946035575013605, 0.6076236799902344, 0.620928906036742, 0.6345254785958666,
		0.6484197773255048, 0.6626183215798706, 0.6771277734684463, 0.6919549409819159,
		0.7071067811865475, 0.7225904034885232, 0.7384130729697496, 0.7545822137967112,
		0.7711054127039704, 0.7879904225539431, 0.805245165974627, 0.8228777390769823,
		0.8408964152537144, 0.8593096490612387, 0.8781260801866495, 0.8973545375015533,
		0.9170040432046711, 0.9370838170551498, 0.9576032806985735, 0.9785720620876999,
	},
	// Schema 6:
	{
		0.5, 0.5054446430258502, 0.5109485743270583, 0.5165124395106142,
		0.5221368912137069, 0.5278225891802786, 0.5335702003384117, 0.5393803988785598,
		0.5452538663326288, 0.5511912916539204, 0.5571933712979462, 0.5632608093041209,
		0.5693943173783458, 0.5755946149764913, 0.5818624293887887, 0.5881984958251406,
		0.5946035575013605, 0.6010783657263515, 0.6076236799902344, 0.6142402680534349,
		0.620928906036742, 0.6276903785123455, 0.6345254785958666, 0.6414350080393891,
		0.6484197773255048, 0.6554806057623822, 0.6626183215798706, 0.6698337620266515,
		0.6771277734684463, 0.6845012114872953, 0.6919549409819159, 0.6994898362691555,
		0.7071067811865475, 0.7148066691959849, 0.7225904034885232, 0.7304588970903234,
		0.7384130729697496, 0.7464538641456323, 0.7545822137967112, 0.762799075372269,
		0.7711054127039704, 0.7795022001189185, 0.7879904225539431, 0.7965710756711334,
		0.805245165974627, 0.8140137109286738, 0.8228777390769823, 0.8318382901633681,
		0.8408964152537144, 0.8500531768592616, 0.8593096490612387, 0.8686669176368529,
		0.8781260801866495, 0.8876882462632604, 0.8973545375015533, 0.9071260877501991,
		0.9170040432046711, 0.9269895625416926, 0.9370838170551498, 0.9472879907934827,
		0.9576032806985735, 0.9680308967461471, 0.9785720620876999, 0.9892280131939752,
	},
	// Schema 7:
	{
		0.5, 0.5027149505564014, 0.5054446430258502, 0.5081891574554764,
		0.5109485743270583, 0.5137229745593818, 0.5165124395106142, 0.5193170509806894,
		0.5221368912137069, 0.5249720429003435, 0.5278225891802786, 0.5306886136446309,
		0.5335702003384117, 0.5364674337629877, 0.5393803988785598, 0.5423091811066545,
		0.5452538663326288, 0.5482145409081883, 0.5511912916539204, 0.5541842058618393,
		0.5571933712979462, 0.5602188762048033, 0.5632608093041209, 0.5663192597993595,
		0.5693943173783458, 0.572486072215902, 0.5755946149764913, 0.5787200368168754,
		0.5818624293887887, 0.585021884841625, 0.5881984958251406, 0.5913923554921704,
		0.5946035575013605, 0.5978321960199137, 0.6010783657263515, 0.6043421618132907,
		0.6076236799902344, 0.6109230164863786, 0.6142402680534349, 0.6175755319684665,
		0.620928906036742, 0.6243004885946023, 0.6276903785123455, 0.6310986751971253,
		0.6345254785958666, 0.637970889198196, 0.6414350080393891, 0.6449179367033329,
		0.6484197773255048, 0.6519406325959679, 0.6554806057623822, 0.659039800633032,
		0.6626183215798706, 0.6662162735415805, 0.6698337620266515, 0.6734708931164728,
		0.6771277734684463, 0.6808045103191123, 0.6845012114872953, 0.688217985377265,
		0.6919549409819159, 0.6957121878859629, 0.6994898362691555, 0.7032879969095076,
		0.7071067811865475, 0.7109463010845827, 0.7148066691959849, 0.718687998724491,
		0.7225904034885232, 0.7265139979245261, 0.7304588970903234, 0.7344252166684908,
		0.7384130729697496, 0.7424225829363761, 0.7464538641456323, 0.7505070348132126,
		0.7545822137967112, 0.7586795205991071, 0.762799075372269, 0.7669409989204777,
		0.7711054127039704, 0.7752924388424999, 0.7795022001189185, 0.7837348199827764,
		0.7879904225539431, 0.7922691326262467, 0.7965710756711334, 0.8008963778413465,
		0.805245165974627, 0.8096175675974316, 0.8140137109286738, 0.8184337248834821,
		0.8228777390769823, 0.8273458838280969, 0.8318382901633681, 0.8363550898207981,
		0.8408964152537144, 0.8454623996346523, 0.8500531768592616, 0.8546688815502312,
		0.8593096490612387, 0.8639756154809185, 0.8686669176368529, 0.8733836930995842,
		0.8781260801866495, 0.8828942179666361, 0.8876882462632604, 0.8925083056594671,
		0.8973545375015533, 0.9022270839033115, 0.9071260877501991, 0.9120516927035263,
		0.9170040432046711, 0.9219832844793128, 0.9269895625416926, 0.9320230241988943,
		0.9370838170551498, 0.9421720895161669, 0.9472879907934827, 0.9524316709088368,
		0.9576032806985735, 0.9628029718180622, 0.9680308967461471, 0.9732872087896164,
		0.9785720620876999, 0.9838856116165875, 0.9892280131939752, 0.9945994234836328,
	},
	// Schema 8:
	{
		0.5, 0.5013556375251013, 0.5027149505564014, 0.5040779490592088,
		0.5054446430258502, 0.5068150424757447, 0.5081891574554764, 0.509566998038869,
		0.5109485743270583, 0.5123338964485679, 0.5137229745593818, 0.5151158188430205,
		0.5165124395106142, 0.5179128468009786, 0.5193170509806894, 0.520725062344158,
		0.5221368912137069, 0.5235525479396449, 0.5249720429003435, 0.526395386502313,
		0.5278225891802786, 0.5292536613972564, 0.5306886136446309, 0.5321274564422321,
		0.5335702003384117, 0.5350168559101208, 0.5364674337629877, 0.5379219445313954,
		0.5393803988785598, 0.5408428074966075, 0.5423091811066545, 0.5437795304588847,
		0.5452538663326288, 0.5467321995364429, 0.5482145409081883, 0.549700901315111,
		0.5511912916539204, 0.5526857228508706, 0.5541842058618393, 0.5556867516724088,
		0.5571933712979462, 0.5587040757836845, 0.5602188762048033, 0.5617377836665098,
		0.5632608093041209, 0.564787964283144, 0.5663192597993595, 0.5678547070789026,
		0.5693943173783458, 0.5709381019847808, 0.572486072215902, 0.5740382394200894,
		0.5755946149764913, 0.5771552102951081, 0.5787200368168754, 0.5802891060137493,
		0.5818624293887887, 0.5834400184762408, 0.585021884841625, 0.5866080400818185,
		0.5881984958251406, 0.5897932637314379, 0.5913923554921704, 0.5929957828304968,
		0.5946035575013605, 0.5962156912915756, 0.5978321960199137, 0.5994530835371903,
		0.6010783657263515, 0.6027080545025619, 0.6043421618132907, 0.6059806996384005,
		0.6076236799902344, 0.6092711149137041, 0.6109230164863786, 0.6125793968185725,
		0.6142402680534349, 0.6159056423670379, 0.6175755319684665, 0.6192499490999082,
		0.620928906036742, 0.622612415087629, 0.6243004885946023, 0.6259931389331581,
		0.6276903785123455, 0.6293922197748583, 0.6310986751971253, 0.6328097572894031,
		0.6345254785958666, 0.6362458516947014, 0.637970889198196, 0.6397006037528346,
		0.6414350080393891, 0.6431741147730128, 0.6449179367033329, 0.6466664866145447,
		0.6484197773255048, 0.6501778216898253, 0.6519406325959679, 0.6537082229673385,
		0.6554806057623822, 0.6572577939746774, 0.659039800633032, 0.6608266388015788,
		0.6626183215798706, 0.6644148621029772, 0.6662162735415805, 0.6680225691020727,
		0.6698337620266515, 0.6716498655934177, 0.6734708931164728, 0.6752968579460171,
		0.6771277734684463, 0.6789636531064505, 0.6808045103191123, 0.6826503586020058,
		0.6845012114872953, 0.6863570825438342, 0.688217985377265, 0.690083933630119,
		0.6919549409819159, 0.6938310211492645, 0.6957121878859629, 0.6975984549830999,
		0.6994898362691555, 0.7013863456101023, 0.7032879969095076, 0.7051948041086352,
		0.7071067811865475, 0.7090239421602076, 0.7109463010845827, 0.7128738720527471,
		0.7148066691959849, 0.7167447066838943, 0.718687998724491, 0.7206365595643126,
		0.7225904034885232, 0.7245495448210174, 0.7265139979245261, 0.7284837772007218,
		0.7304588970903234, 0.7324393720732029, 0.7344252166684908, 0.7364164454346837,
		0.7384130729697496, 0.7404151139112358, 0.7424225829363761, 0.7444354947621984,
		0.7464538641456323, 0.7484777058836176, 0.7505070348132126, 0.7525418658117031,
		0.7545822137967112, 0.7566280937263048, 0.7586795205991071, 0.7607365094544071,
		0.762799075372269, 0.7648672334736434, 0.7669409989204777, 0.7690203869158282,
		0.7711054127039704, 0.7731960915705107, 0.7752924388424999, 0.7773944698885442,
		0.7795022001189185, 0.7816156449856788, 0.7837348199827764, 0.7858597406461707,
		0.7879904225539431, 0.7901268813264122, 0.7922691326262467, 0.7944171921585818,
		0.7965710756711334, 0.7987307989543135, 0.8008963778413465, 0.8030678282083853,
		0.805245165974627, 0.8074284071024302, 0.8096175675974316, 0.8118126635086642,
		0.8140137109286738, 0.8162207259936375, 0.8184337248834821, 0.820652723822003,
		0.8228777390769823, 0.8251087869603088, 0.8273458838280969, 0.8295890460808079,
		0.8318382901633681, 0.8340936325652911, 0.8363550898207981, 0.8386226785089391,
		0.8408964152537144, 0.8431763167241966, 0.8454623996346523, 0.8477546807446661,
		0.8500531768592616, 0.8523579048290255, 0.8546688815502312, 0.8569861239649629,
		0.8593096490612387, 0.8616394738731368, 0.8639756154809185, 0.8663180910111553,
		0.8686669176368529, 0.871022112577578, 0.8733836930995842, 0.8757516765159389,
		0.8781260801866495, 0.8805069215187917, 0.8828942179666361, 0.8852879870317771,
		0.8876882462632604, 0.890095013257712, 0.8925083056594671, 0.8949281411607002,
		0.8973545375015533, 0.8997875124702672, 0.9022270839033115, 0.9046732696855155,
		0.9071260877501991, 0.909585556079304, 0.9120516927035263, 0.9145245157024483,
		0.9170040432046711, 0.9194902933879467, 0.9219832844793128, 0.9244830347552253,
		0.9269895625416926, 0.92950288621441, 0.9320230241988943, 0.9345499949706191,
		0.9370838170551498, 0.93962450902828, 0.9421720895161669, 0.9447265771954693,
		0.9472879907934827, 0.9498563490882775, 0.9524316709088368, 0.9550139751351947,
		0.9576032806985735, 0.9601996065815236, 0.9628029718180622, 0.9654133954938133,
		0.9680308967461471, 0.9706554947643201, 0.9732872087896164, 0.9759260581154889,
		0.9785720620876999, 0.9812252401044634, 0.9838856116165875, 0.9865531961276168,
		0.9892280131939752, 0.9919100824251095, 0.9945994234836328, 0.9972960560854698,
	},
}

// The nativeHistogramBounds above can be generated with the code below.
//
// TODO(beorn7): It's tempting to actually use `go generate` to generate the
// code above. However, this could lead to slightly different numbers on
// different architectures. We still need to come to terms if we are fine with
// that, or if we might prefer to specify precise numbers in the standard.
//
// var nativeHistogramBounds [][]float64 = make([][]float64, 9)
//
// func init() {
// 	// Populate nativeHistogramBounds.
// 	numBuckets := 1
// 	for i := range nativeHistogramBounds {
// 		bounds := []float64{0.5}
// 		factor := math.Exp2(math.Exp2(float64(-i)))
// 		for j := 0; j < numBuckets-1; j++ {
// 			var bound float64
// 			if (j+1)%2 == 0 {
// 				// Use previously calculated value for increased precision.
// 				bound = nativeHistogramBounds[i-1][j/2+1]
// 			} else {
// 				bound = bounds[j] * factor
// 			}
// 			bounds = append(bounds, bound)
// 		}
// 		numBuckets *= 2
// 		nativeHistogramBounds[i] = bounds
// 	}
// }

// A Histogram counts individual observations from an event or sample stream in
// configurable static buckets (or in dynamic sparse buckets as part of the
// experimental Native Histograms, see below for more details). Similar to a
// Summary, it also provides a sum of observations and an observation count.
//
// On the Prometheus server, quantiles can be calculated from a Histogram using
// the histogram_quantile PromQL function.
//
// Note that Histograms, in contrast to Summaries, can be aggregated in PromQL
// (see the documentation for detailed procedures). However, Histograms require
// the user to pre-define suitable buckets, and they are in general less
// accurate. (Both problems are addressed by the experimental Native
// Histograms. To use them, configure a NativeHistogramBucketFactor in the