ants/README.md

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<b>A goroutine pool for Go</b>
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English | [中文](README_ZH.md)

## 📖 Introduction

Library `ants` implements a goroutine pool with fixed capacity, managing and recycling a massive number of goroutines, allowing developers to limit the number of goroutines in your concurrent programs.

## 🚀 Features:

- Managing and recycling a massive number of goroutines automatically
- Purging overdue goroutines periodically
- Abundant APIs: submitting tasks, getting the number of running goroutines, tuning capacity of pool dynamically, releasing pool, rebooting pool
- Handle panic gracefully to prevent programs from crash
- Efficient in memory usage and it even achieves [higher performance](#-performance-summary) than unlimited goroutines in Golang
- Nonblocking mechanism

## ⚔️ Tested in the following Golang releases:

All releases from **Go1.8.x** to **Go1.18.x**.

## 💡 How `ants` works

### Flow Diagram

<p align="center">
<img width="1011" alt="ants-flowchart-en" src="https://user-images.githubusercontent.com/7496278/66396509-7b42e700-ea0c-11e9-8612-b71a4b734683.png">
</p>

### Activity Diagrams

![](https://raw.githubusercontent.com/panjf2000/illustrations/master/go/ants-pool-1.png)

![](https://raw.githubusercontent.com/panjf2000/illustrations/master/go/ants-pool-2.png)

![](https://raw.githubusercontent.com/panjf2000/illustrations/master/go/ants-pool-3.png)

![](https://raw.githubusercontent.com/panjf2000/illustrations/master/go/ants-pool-4.png)

## 🧰 How to install

### For `ants` v1

``` powershell
go get -u github.com/panjf2000/ants
```

### For `ants` v2 (with GO111MODULE=on)

```powershell
go get -u github.com/panjf2000/ants/v2
```

## 🛠 How to use
Just take a imagination that your program starts a massive number of goroutines, resulting in a huge consumption of memory. To mitigate that kind of situation, all you need to do is to import `ants` package and submit all your tasks to a default pool with fixed capacity, activated when package `ants` is imported:

``` go
package main

import (
	"fmt"
	"sync"
	"sync/atomic"
	"time"

	"github.com/panjf2000/ants/v2"
)

var sum int32

func myFunc(i interface{}) {
	n := i.(int32)
	atomic.AddInt32(&sum, n)
	fmt.Printf("run with %d\n", n)
}

func demoFunc() {
	time.Sleep(10 * time.Millisecond)
	fmt.Println("Hello World!")
}

func main() {
	defer ants.Release()

	runTimes := 1000

	// Use the common pool.
	var wg sync.WaitGroup
	syncCalculateSum := func() {
		demoFunc()
		wg.Done()
	}
	for i := 0; i < runTimes; i++ {
		wg.Add(1)
		_ = ants.Submit(syncCalculateSum)
	}
	wg.Wait()
	fmt.Printf("running goroutines: %d\n", ants.Running())
	fmt.Printf("finish all tasks.\n")

	// Use the pool with a function,
	// set 10 to the capacity of goroutine pool and 1 second for expired duration.
	p, _ := ants.NewPoolWithFunc(10, func(i interface{}) {
		myFunc(i)
		wg.Done()
	})
	defer p.Release()
	// Submit tasks one by one.
	for i := 0; i < runTimes; i++ {
		wg.Add(1)
		_ = p.Invoke(int32(i))
	}
	wg.Wait()
	fmt.Printf("running goroutines: %d\n", p.Running())
	fmt.Printf("finish all tasks, result is %d\n", sum)
}
```

###  Functional options for ants pool

```go
// Option represents the optional function.
type Option func(opts *Options)

// Options contains all options which will be applied when instantiating a ants pool.
type Options struct {
	// ExpiryDuration is a period for the scavenger goroutine to clean up those expired workers,
	// the scavenger scans all workers every `ExpiryDuration` and clean up those workers that haven't been
	// used for more than `ExpiryDuration`.
	ExpiryDuration time.Duration

	// PreAlloc indicates whether to make memory pre-allocation when initializing Pool.
	PreAlloc bool

	// Max number of goroutine blocking on pool.Submit.
	// 0 (default value) means no such limit.
	MaxBlockingTasks int

	// When Nonblocking is true, Pool.Submit will never be blocked.
	// ErrPoolOverload will be returned when Pool.Submit cannot be done at once.
	// When Nonblocking is true, MaxBlockingTasks is inoperative.
	Nonblocking bool

	// PanicHandler is used to handle panics from each worker goroutine.
	// if nil, panics will be thrown out again from worker goroutines.
	PanicHandler func(interface{})

	// Logger is the customized logger for logging info, if it is not set,
	// default standard logger from log package is used.
	Logger Logger
}

// WithOptions accepts the whole options config.
func WithOptions(options Options) Option {
	return func(opts *Options) {
		*opts = options
	}
}

// WithExpiryDuration sets up the interval time of cleaning up goroutines.
func WithExpiryDuration(expiryDuration time.Duration) Option {
	return func(opts *Options) {
		opts.ExpiryDuration = expiryDuration
	}
}

// WithPreAlloc indicates whether it should malloc for workers.
func WithPreAlloc(preAlloc bool) Option {
	return func(opts *Options) {
		opts.PreAlloc = preAlloc
	}
}

// WithMaxBlockingTasks sets up the maximum number of goroutines that are blocked when it reaches the capacity of pool.
func WithMaxBlockingTasks(maxBlockingTasks int) Option {
	return func(opts *Options) {
		opts.MaxBlockingTasks = maxBlockingTasks
	}
}

// WithNonblocking indicates that pool will return nil when there is no available workers.
func WithNonblocking(nonblocking bool) Option {
	return func(opts *Options) {
		opts.Nonblocking = nonblocking
	}
}

// WithPanicHandler sets up panic handler.
func WithPanicHandler(panicHandler func(interface{})) Option {
	return func(opts *Options) {
		opts.PanicHandler = panicHandler
	}
}

// WithLogger sets up a customized logger.
func WithLogger(logger Logger) Option {
	return func(opts *Options) {
		opts.Logger = logger
	}
}
```

`ants.Options`contains all optional configurations of ants pool, which allows you to customize the goroutine pool by invoking option functions to set up each configuration in `NewPool`/`NewPoolWithFunc`method.

### Customize limited pool

`ants` also supports customizing the capacity of pool. You can invoke the `NewPool` method to instantiate a pool with a given capacity, as following:

``` go
// Set 10000 the size of goroutine pool
p, _ := ants.NewPool(10000)
```

### Submit tasks
Tasks can be submitted by calling `ants.Submit(func())`
```go
ants.Submit(func(){})
```

### Tune pool capacity in runtime
You can tune the capacity of  `ants` pool in runtime with `Tune(int)`:

``` go
pool.Tune(1000) // Tune its capacity to 1000
pool.Tune(100000) // Tune its capacity to 100000
```

Don't worry about the synchronous problems in this case, the method here is thread-safe (or should be called goroutine-safe).

### Pre-malloc goroutine queue in pool

`ants` allows you to pre-allocate memory of goroutine queue in pool, which may get a performance enhancement under some special certain circumstances such as the scenario that requires a pool with ultra-large capacity, meanwhile each task in goroutine lasts for a long time, in this case, pre-mallocing will reduce a lot of memory allocation in goroutine queue.

```go
// ants will pre-malloc the whole capacity of pool when you invoke this method
p, _ := ants.NewPool(100000, ants.WithPreAlloc(true))
```

### Release Pool

```go
pool.Release()
```

### Reboot Pool

```go
// A pool that has been released can be still used once you invoke the Reboot().
pool.Reboot()
```

## ⚙️ About sequence

All tasks submitted to `ants` pool will not be guaranteed to be addressed in order, because those tasks scatter among a series of concurrent workers, thus those tasks would be executed concurrently.

## 🧲 Benchmarks

<div align="center"><img src="https://user-images.githubusercontent.com/7496278/51515466-c7ce9e00-1e4e-11e9-89c4-bd3785b3c667.png"/></div>
 In this benchmark result, the first and second benchmarks performed test cases with 1M tasks and the rest of benchmarks performed test cases with 10M tasks, both in unlimited goroutines and `ants` pool, and the capacity of this `ants` goroutine-pool was limited to 50K.

- BenchmarkGoroutine-4 represents the benchmarks with unlimited goroutines in golang.

- BenchmarkPoolGroutine-4 represents the benchmarks with a `ants` pool.

### Benchmarks with Pool 

![](https://user-images.githubusercontent.com/7496278/51515499-f187c500-1e4e-11e9-80e5-3df8f94fa70f.png)

In above benchmark result, the first and second benchmarks performed test cases with 1M tasks and the rest of benchmarks performed test cases with 10M tasks, both in unlimited goroutines and `ants` pool, and the capacity of this `ants` goroutine-pool was limited to 50K.

**As you can see, `ants` performs 2 times faster than goroutines without pool (10M tasks) and it only consumes half the memory comparing with goroutines without pool. (both in 1M and 10M tasks)**

### Benchmarks with PoolWithFunc

![](https://user-images.githubusercontent.com/7496278/51515565-1e3bdc80-1e4f-11e9-8a08-452ab91d117e.png)

### Throughput (it is suitable for scenarios where tasks are submitted asynchronously without waiting for the final results) 

#### 100K tasks

![](https://user-images.githubusercontent.com/7496278/51515590-36abf700-1e4f-11e9-91e4-7bd3dcb5f4a5.png)

#### 1M tasks

![](https://user-images.githubusercontent.com/7496278/51515596-44617c80-1e4f-11e9-89e3-01e19d2979a1.png)

#### 10M tasks

![](https://user-images.githubusercontent.com/7496278/52987732-537c2000-3437-11e9-86a6-177f00d7a1d6.png)

## 📊 Performance Summary

![](https://user-images.githubusercontent.com/7496278/63449727-3ae6d400-c473-11e9-81e3-8b3280d8288a.gif)

**In conclusion, `ants` performs 2~6 times faster than goroutines without a pool and the memory consumption is reduced by 10 to 20 times.**

## 👏 Contributors

Please read our [Contributing Guidelines](CONTRIBUTING.md) before opening a PR and thank you to all the developers who already made contributions to `ants`!

[![](https://opencollective.com/ants/contributors.svg?width=890&button=false)](https://github.com/panjf2000/ants/graphs/contributors)

## 📄 License

Source code in `ants` is available under the [MIT License](/LICENSE).

## 📚 Relevant Articles

-  [Goroutine 并发调度模型深度解析之手撸一个高性能 goroutine 池](https://taohuawu.club/high-performance-implementation-of-goroutine-pool)
-  [Visually Understanding Worker Pool](https://medium.com/coinmonks/visually-understanding-worker-pool-48a83b7fc1f5)
-  [The Case For A Go Worker Pool](https://brandur.org/go-worker-pool)
-  [Go Concurrency - GoRoutines, Worker Pools and Throttling Made Simple](https://twin.sh/articles/39/go-concurrency-goroutines-worker-pools-and-throttling-made-simple)

## 🖥 Use cases

### business companies

The following companies/organizations use `ants` in production.

<a href="https://www.tencent.com"><img src="http://img.taohuawu.club/gallery/tencent_logo.png" width="250" align="middle"/></a>&nbsp;&nbsp;<a href="https://www.bytedance.com/" target="_blank"><img src="http://img.taohuawu.club/gallery/ByteDance_Logo.png" width="250" align="middle"/></a>&nbsp;&nbsp;<a href="https://tieba.baidu.com/" target="_blank"><img src="http://img.taohuawu.club/gallery/baidu-tieba-logo.png" width="300" align="middle"/></a>&nbsp;&nbsp;<a href="https://www.sina.com.cn/" target="_blank"><img src="http://img.taohuawu.club/gallery/sina-logo.png" width="200" align="middle"/></a>&nbsp;&nbsp;<a href="https://www.163.com/" target="_blank"><img src="http://img.taohuawu.club/gallery/netease-logo.png" width="150" align="middle"/></a>&nbsp;&nbsp;<a href="https://www.tencentmusic.com/" target="_blank"><img src="http://img.taohuawu.club/gallery/tencent-music-logo.png" width="250" align="middle"/></a>&nbsp;&nbsp;<a href="https://www.futuhk.com/" target="_blank"><img src="http://img.taohuawu.club/gallery/futu-logo.png" width="250" align="middle"/></a>&nbsp;&nbsp;<a href="https://www.shopify.com/" target="_blank"><img src="http://img.taohuawu.club/gallery/shopify-logo.png" width="250" align="middle"/></a>&nbsp;&nbsp;<a href="https://www.wechat.com/en/" target="_blank"><img src="http://img.taohuawu.club/gallery/wechat-logo.png" width="250" align="middle"/></a><a href="https://www.baidu.com/" target="_blank"><img src="http://img.taohuawu.club/gallery/baidu-mobile.png" width="250" align="middle"/></a>

### open-source software

- [gnet](https://github.com/panjf2000/gnet):  A high-performance, lightweight, non-blocking, event-driven networking framework written in pure Go.
- [nps](https://github.com/ehang-io/nps): A lightweight, high-performance, powerful intranet penetration proxy server, with a powerful web management terminal.
- [milvus](https://github.com/milvus-io/milvus): An open-source vector database for scalable similarity search and AI applications.
- [osmedeus](https://github.com/j3ssie/osmedeus): A Workflow Engine for Offensive Security.
- [jitsu](https://github.com/jitsucom/jitsu): An open-source Segment alternative. Fully-scriptable data ingestion engine for modern data teams. Set-up a real-time data pipeline in minutes, not days.
- [triangula](https://github.com/RH12503/triangula): Generate high-quality triangulated and polygonal art from images.
- [bsc](https://github.com/binance-chain/bsc): A Binance Smart Chain client based on the go-ethereum fork.
- [jaeles](https://github.com/jaeles-project/jaeles): The Swiss Army knife for automated Web Application Testing.
- [devlake](https://github.com/apache/incubator-devlake): The open-source dev data platform & dashboard for your DevOps tools.

#### All use cases:

- [Repositories that depend on ants/v2](https://github.com/panjf2000/ants/network/dependents?package_id=UGFja2FnZS0yMjY2ODgxMjg2)

- [Repositories that depend on ants/v1](https://github.com/panjf2000/ants/network/dependents?package_id=UGFja2FnZS0yMjY0ODMzNjEw)

If you have `ants` integrated into projects, feel free to open a pull request refreshing this list of use cases.

## 🔋 JetBrains OS licenses

`ants` had been being developed with GoLand under the **free JetBrains Open Source license(s)** granted by JetBrains s.r.o., hence I would like to express my thanks here.

<a href="https://www.jetbrains.com/?from=ants" target="_blank"><img src="https://raw.githubusercontent.com/panjf2000/illustrations/master/jetbrains/jetbrains-variant-4.png" width="250" align="middle"/></a>

## 💰 Backers

Support us with a monthly donation and help us continue our activities.

<a href="https://opencollective.com/ants#backers" target="_blank"><img src="https://opencollective.com/ants/backers.svg"></a>

## 💎 Sponsors

Become a bronze sponsor with a monthly donation of $10 and get your logo on our README on Github.

<a href="https://opencollective.com/ants#sponsors" target="_blank"><img src="https://opencollective.com/ants/sponsors.svg"></a>

## ☕️ Buy me a coffee

> Please be sure to leave your name, GitHub account or other social media accounts when you donate by the following means so that I can add it to the list of donors as a token of my appreciation.

<img src="https://raw.githubusercontent.com/panjf2000/illustrations/master/payments/WeChatPay.JPG" width="250" align="middle"/>&nbsp;&nbsp;
<img src="https://raw.githubusercontent.com/panjf2000/illustrations/master/payments/AliPay.JPG" width="250" align="middle"/>&nbsp;&nbsp;
<a href="https://www.paypal.me/R136a1X" target="_blank"><img src="https://raw.githubusercontent.com/panjf2000/illustrations/master/payments/PayPal.JPG" width="250" align="middle"/></a>&nbsp;&nbsp;

## 💵 Patrons

<a target="_blank" href="https://github.com/patrick-othmer"><img src="https://avatars1.githubusercontent.com/u/8964313" width="100" alt="Patrick Othmer" /></a>&nbsp;<a target="_blank" href="https://github.com/panjf2000/gnet"><img src="https://avatars2.githubusercontent.com/u/50285334" width="100" alt="Jimmy" /></a>&nbsp;<a target="_blank" href="https://github.com/cafra"><img src="https://avatars0.githubusercontent.com/u/13758306" width="100" alt="ChenZhen" /></a>&nbsp;<a target="_blank" href="https://github.com/yangwenmai"><img src="https://avatars0.githubusercontent.com/u/1710912" width="100" alt="Mai Yang" /></a>&nbsp;<a target="_blank" href="https://github.com/BeijingWks"><img src="https://avatars3.githubusercontent.com/u/33656339" width="100" alt="王开帅" /></a>&nbsp;<a target="_blank" href="https://github.com/refs"><img src="https://avatars3.githubusercontent.com/u/6905948" width="100" alt="Unger Alejandro" /></a>&nbsp;<a target="_blank" href="https://github.com/Wuvist"><img src="https://avatars.githubusercontent.com/u/657796" width="100" alt="Weng Wei" /></a>

## 🔋 Sponsorship

<p>
  <a href="https://www.digitalocean.com/">
    <img src="https://opensource.nyc3.cdn.digitaloceanspaces.com/attribution/assets/PoweredByDO/DO_Powered_by_Badge_blue.svg" width="201px">
  </a>
</p>